After shedding blood, sweat, and tears, you have written your essays, résumé, and addenda. The files are all titled things like “PS_REAL_FINAL_VERSION.docx” and “law_school_resume_ACTUAL_2.pdf” and you probably never want to look at them again.

Unfortunately, though, it’s now time to do the worst part. Fonts, spacing, margins, headers...cue the scary music. But don’t sweat it—with this handy formatting guide, you’ll be off to the races in no time.

Why Formatting Matters

We know it can be tempting to skip formatting. After all, you’re applying to law school, not design school. Doesn’t the content matter more?

Though your application’s substance is the most important part of what’s in it, presentation matters too. If language is the body of your application, think about formatting as the clothes. The outfit you wear sends an impression—same goes for your application. Just like you wouldn’t show up to a law school interview wearing a hat with a propeller on it, you shouldn’t submit a résumé written in Comic Sans.

To find out how important formatting really is, we surveyed a selection of 7Sage’s former admissions officers and asked them if, while reading files, they’d ever thought twice about an applicant because of bad formatting choices. The answer was, unanimously, yes.

Why? AOs shared that, to them, bad formatting can sometimes convey a lack of judgment. Conversely, they told us that a well-formatted document reflects professionalism, thoroughness, and attention to detail—key qualities in a successful law student and future lawyer.

Your law school application is one place where people will judge the book by its cover. But this doesn’t mean you should dip your résumé in perfume or print it on pink paper like Elle Woods in Legally Blonde. Instead, read on for tried-and-true formatting tips that will help your applications stand out...for the right reasons.

From "Legally Blonde (2001)"

https://static.wixstatic.com/media/60e4cd_774b3906565f4dba9072e2b6f74c302a~mv2.gif

Across-the-Board Formatting Tips

Font

  • Times New Roman, though unglamorous, is a must.
  • Stick to a 12-point font across all of your documents. 11-point is usually acceptable as well, but check the requirements of each school on your list to make sure no one asks for 12.
  • 11-point font is the minimum. Never make any text on your application smaller than 11-point font under any circumstances. Not 10.5, not 9, and certainly not 8 (we’ve seen too many people try this!).
  • Make your font, and your font size, consistent across all of your documents—yes, even your résumé. This means that if your personal statement is written in a 12-point font, you should also put your Why X essay in a 12-point font, even if you have to edit it back down to under a page in length. You want to convey that you pay attention to the details. Inconsistent formatting will make it look like you cut corners.

 

Margins and Spacing
  • Stick to one-inch margins on all sides, including (and especially) on the résumé. Tip: one-inch margins are standard on most word processors, so if you’re concerned your margins are not the right size, try copying and pasting your text into a new document.
  • You should double-space pretty much everything except your résumé, which you should single-space. But you should definitely double-space all of your essays unless the application specifically asks you to do otherwise. Though it may remind you of a college midterm, double-spaced text is much easier to read—and ease of reading is a priority.
  • If your résumé looks a little cramped single-spaced, consider 1.15-spacing. A little-known spacing trick, 1.15-spacing looks way better than single-spacing, but doesn’t take up much more space.

Uploading to LSAC

  • Before you upload a file to LSAC, convert it to .pdf. Though LSAC accepts .doc uploads, these tend to cause formatting errors down the line. Relatedly, if one attachment in your PDF preview looks a little weird—like the font has been compressed or skewed—it’s probably because you uploaded that document as a .doc instead of a .pdf.
  • Before you convert a .doc to .pdf, make sure the file does not contain any comments or tracked changes. These markups can show up in the final application.
  • Some schools may ask you to include an essay or addendum in a short-answer field on the application itself, rather than as a file upload. Be aware that the formatting may be tricky here, and the form may not allow you to insert things like line breaks.
  • With all this in mind, here is the most important tip of all: be sure to review a PDF preview of each application before submitting it to make sure the formatting is to your liking.

How to Format Your Law School Résumé

Résumés are, hands down, the hardest document to format. Even applicants whose essay formatting is impeccable often send us résumés that make our eyes hurt to read.

The two deadly sins of résumé formatting are as follows:

1. Cramming too much in. A résumé that has the information jam-packed onto the page is unpleasant to read. And when something is unpleasant to read, people usually don’t struggle through it—they tend to just skip it. This is especially true when your reader has hundreds of other résumés to get through that don’t require a microscope.

2. Trying to look too fancy. If you’re using one of those colorful online résumé templates, toss it. Your résumé should not contain any of the following:

  • A photograph of you. No matter how professional the headshot, an unsolicited photograph is pretty much always inappropriate in an admissions context.
  • Graphics, logos, or decorative elements. Though I love some good old-fashioned clip-art, there’s a time and a place—and this isn’t it. The fact is, aesthetics are subjective. Even if a stylistic element looks good to you, it may not to an admissions officer. Plus, having a highly decorated résumé might make it look like you’re trying to overcompensate for lousy content.
  • Colors—remember, you’re not Elle Woods from Legally Blonde, whose résumé was pink. Stick to black text on a white page.
  • That line that goes across the page. You know the one I’m talking about—it appears after you type a few hyphens:

    The truth is, nine times out of ten, this line looks silly, not professional. It’s awkward and often longer or shorter than your text block.

    Beyond that, the weight might be off, or it might be gray when your text is black. It’s hard to get the spacing to look right, and most of the time, all that effort lands you with an overrated underline mark you could have just as well done without. A well-organized résumé should breathe on the page—you shouldn’t need artificial visual breaks to help you switch between sections.

How to write the word résumé

It's "résumé," not "resume." To get the little accent over the letter "e," simply hold the "e" key down until options appear.

Read below for the details on how to format every aspect of your résumé. Or, if you don't have time, download our handy résumé template.

Résumé Layout

Header

At the start of your résumé, there should be a header block. This is different than the header for the other documents you’ll be submitting. It should be written as center-aligned body text and should look something like this:

First Name, Last Name

Address, cell phone number, email address, LSAC # (include the L!)

Education Section

After the header, include a section describing your educational history. You’ll want to include the following info:

Under/graduate Institution, City, State Abbreviation/Country
Name of Degree in ____, Month year
Honors: Honor Name (term year); Honor Name (term year)
Activities: Activity, Title (term year); Activity Title (term year)
Senior Thesis: Title
Study Abroad: School Name, City, Country, Dates or Semester Attended, Year

Some duplication with the main résumé in the “Activities” section is okay. You should list all of the clubs/organizations/etc. that you were a part of. Don’t include details here beyond dates—you’ll create entries for these further down. If you want, you can add line breaks between honors and activities, or you can make them a comma-separated list. Or, if you had very few activities or honors, you may choose to skip the “Activities” and "Honors" sections under education altogether. Likewise, the "Senior Thesis" and "Study Abroad" fields are optional.

Entries

Résumés should be made up of entries containing bullet points. You should include one entry per employer or organization. Here’s an example of what an entry should look like:

Employer Name, City, State Abbreviation

Your Role/Title (# hrs/week – optional)     Month year–Month year

  • Your first bullet point for each entry should give an overall sense of the job––what your duties were and what type of place you worked for. For example, “Assisted with day-to-day office administration for a business that sold lava lamps”
  • Each bullet should start with a verb and provide a description of your duties, skills developed or used, and accomplishments. Split up bullets by general topic/theme
  • You should have no more than four bullet points to an entry, even the entry for your current job or your coolest internship. Each bullet point should be no longer than two or three lines—even if the content is great, it’s hard to read that much dense text in one sitting
  • For the purposes of a résumé, you should not put periods at the ends of bullet points

If you had multiple jobs within the same organization, you should list them in reverse chronological order within the same entry. List each job title as a subheading beneath the employer name. Here’s an example:

Employer Name, City, State Abbreviation

Your Role/Title (35 hours/week)     August 2020–November 2021

  • Bulleted descriptions of duties, skills developed or used, and accomplishments
  • Give context. If you were promoted or given a raise more quickly than usual, you can say so. For instance, “Received $2,000 raise after only three months, compared to company average of a year”

Your Prior Title (20 hours/week)     June 2018–August 2020

  • Format like this if you have had multiple jobs or titles with the same employer
  • This should be reverse chronological, meaning the most recent role goes at the top
  • In this situation, you may use up to four bullet points per role rather than per entry

Margins and Spacing

Unlike your essays, your résumé should be single-spaced. Don’t mess with the margins in the document—use standard one-inch margins, probably your word processor’s default. I repeat: do not change the margins!

Length

A law school résumé can typically be up to two pages in length. Even with one-inch margins, this should give you plenty of space. That being said, a few schools prefer a one-page résumé, so always double-check with the admissions office if you’re unsure.

If you’re over two pages and can’t get it shorter, you’re probably including too much detail. Remember, quality over quantity. If you were in a ton of activities in college, this might mean you have to omit entries for some of them.

Dates

You should include date ranges for each entry on your résumé. The date range should be listed across the page from your job title. Do not put the dates across from the name of your employer. Putting dates across from titles allows you to list multiple roles within the same company.

Unless the school asks you to do otherwise, indicate dates with both the month and the year, but don’t specify the day. For example: May 2020–June 2021, not May 3 2020–June 14 2021.

Always use an en dash (–) to connote a date range—not an em dash (—) or a hyphen (-).

If possible, always spell out the whole month name rather than abbreviating to something like “Jan” or “Feb.”  It looks better and there’s usually space. If you must abbreviate for some reason, make sure to consistently abbreviate all month names in the document, even short ones like June (Jun) and July (Jul).

How to Align Dates
The dates you list on your résumé should be right-aligned. But don’t just hit the space bar or the tab key a million times! There’s a better way that will ensure your dates always line up neatly on the right-hand side. Here’s a video that will walk you through how to do this on Microsoft Word. This procedure is replicable on other word processors, too.

 

  1. Click just before the date that needs to be re-aligned. At this point, the date should be left-aligned and next to the rest of the text.
image.png
See this little arrow pointing to the right on the upper left-hand corner of the screen?
image.png

Click on this arrow until it is facing left. It may take a few clicks, but you want it to look like this:

image.png

Now, place your cursor before your date and hit “tab” once. It should automatically align to the right:

image.png

Repeat this procedure for each date on your résumé.

Should I list hours per week?

Listing hours per week is optional. Some schools request it and many don’t. If you are asked to list hours per week, you should include them in parentheses next to the role. You may include a range of hours per week if the amount varied. For instance:

Frisbee Land, New York, NY

Frisbee-maker (20–25 hours/week)                 May 2020–June 2021

We suggest that you create two versions of your résumé: one that lists hours per week (for schools that ask), and one that doesn’t (for every other school).

🆘 Need help fine-tuning the content of your résumé? Check out our full résumé lesson.

How to Format Your Law School Admissions Essays

An essay should be written in full sentences with paragraphs. You should indent the first line of every paragraph by half an inch. Don’t put extra spaces between paragraphs.

Essay Headers

Every document you submit with your applications should have a header. For prose documents like essays and addenda, this header should appear in the “header” field of the document you’re working in. For the résumé, your header should appear as body text—see the résumé section for more.

The header should consist of your name, your LSAC number, and the document label in that order. By “document label” I mean things like “Personal Statement” or “Diversity Statement” or “GPA Addendum.”

Always use title case, and always make sure you are labeling your document in the language the application uses—e.g., an application may ask you to label your Character and Fitness addendum as “C&F Question 5.6–Addendum.” This is not the space to give your essay a title, by the way. Never do that.

How to Make a Header:

Click into the “header” field of your document, and then type your name. Then hit “tab.” Then type in your LSAC number (including the L). Hit tab again. Then type the document label, e.g., “Personal Statement.” Then select the whole thing and change the font to Times New Roman, 12-point (or 11-point, if that’s what you’ve decided to use—just make sure it’s the same size as the rest of the document). Here’s how it will look, more or less:

image.png

If your document is longer than one page, as your personal statement probably will be, you should include page numbers. The page numbers should be at the end of the header and should appear on each page of your essay on the upper right-hand corner.

At first, your page numbers may disrupt your header, or appear off-center.

image.png

If this happens to you, the first thing you should do is delete your existing header text. Then, double-click inside of the box with the page number.

image.png

Then, re-type your header info into this box before the page number, hitting the tab key between your name, LSAC number, and the document label. As you type, it’ll look something like this.

image.png

Once again, you’ll need to change the font to old reliable Times New Roman. After that, you’re good to go! Here’s an example of how this will look in action. Note that Microsoft Word will make the header gray and your word processor may not—regardless, this is no big deal.

image.png

 

A few more things to keep in mind:

  • An essay only needs page numbers if it’s longer than one page.
  • Make sure you put an L in front of your LSAC number in your headers.
  • If you’re copying and pasting your header from one document to another to save time formatting, always double-check to make sure your document is labeled correctly.

How to Format Your Law School Addenda

If a school asks you to include an addendum as an attachment, you should format it the same way you format your essays: indent the first line of each paragraph, use a header, double-space it.

Unless a school asks you to do so, don’t try to combine multiple separate addenda on one page. For example, do not combine your GPA addendum with your character and fitness addendum.

That being said, if you have an addendum that addresses multiple matters, such as a character and fitness addendum that addresses some traffic violations as well as a misdemeanor citation, it’s fine to include those things in separate sections of the same page with bolded subheadings.

In Closing

Formatting, though intimidating in concept, is really just a way to ensure that you make the best first impression you can with your application. There’s a lot that isn’t within your control about the admissions process, and it can sometimes feel mysterious and oblique. But formatting is something you can tackle.

All this being said, if you made a formatting error and you’ve already submitted your application, don’t let it keep you up at night. This is just one part of a large, complex puzzle. Your application has a lot more going for it than just its font.


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Every law school posts its application on LSAC. The Instructions section often includes important information about deadlines, recommendations, scholarships, and other requirements that do not appear anywhere else on the application. We've compiled the Instructions of schools in the T50 below.

See also our compilation of essay prompts and notable short-answer questions.

1 Yale University Instructions

Show all instructions.

2 Stanford University Instructions

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3 Harvard University Instructions

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4 Columbia University Instructions

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4 University of Chicago Instructions

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6 New York University Instructions

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7 University of Pennsylvania Instructions

Show all instructions.

8 University of Virginia Instructions

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9 Northwestern University Instructions

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9 University of California—Berkeley Instructions

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9 University of Michigan Instructions

Show all instructions.

12 Duke University Instructions

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13 Cornell University Instructions

Show all instructions.

14 Georgetown University Instructions

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15 University of California—Los Angeles Instructions

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16 University of Texas at Austin Instructions

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17 Washington University in St. Louis Instructions

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18 University of Southern California Instructions

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18 Vanderbilt University Instructions

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20 Boston University Instructions

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21 University of Minnesota Instructions

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22 University of Notre Dame Instructions

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23 George Washington University Instructions

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24 Arizona State University Instructions

Show all instructions.

24 Emory University Instructions

Show all instructions.

24 University of Florida (Levin) Instructions

Show all instructions.

27 Fordham University Instructions

Show all instructions.

27 University of California—Irvine Instructions

Show all instructions.

27 University of Iowa Instructions

Show all instructions.

27 University of North Carolina Instructions

Show all instructions.

31 Boston College Instructions

Show all instructions.

31 University of Alabama Instructions

Show all instructions.

31 University of Georgia Instructions

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31 University of Illinois—Urbana Champaign Instructions

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31 Washington and Lee University Instructions

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31 William & Mary Law School Instructions

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37 Brigham Young University Instructions

Show all instructions.

38 Indiana University - Bloomington Instructions

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38 Ohio State University Instructions

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38 University of California—Davis Instructions

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38 University of Wisconsin Instructions

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42 George Mason University Instructions

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42 University of Washington Instructions

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42 Wake Forest University Instructions

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45 University of Utah Instructions

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46 University of Colorado—Boulder Instructions

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47 Pepperdine University Instructions

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47 University of Arizona Instructions

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47 University of Maryland Instructions

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50 Baylor University Instructions

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50 Florida State University Instructions

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50 University of Connecticut Instructions

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Some law students consider transferring to a new law school because a change in their personal situation compels them to relocate; others want to transfer in the hope of earning a JD from a higher-tier school, and still others think they might just find a better fit somewhere else. If you fall into one of those categories, we’ve put together a handy cheat sheet of information, written as an FAQ.

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Table of Contents

What is an LL.M.?

The LL.M. (Master of Law degree or Legum Magister) is a postgraduate academic degree that’s typically earned in one year by candidates who already hold a first degree in law or a professional law degree, or who have passed the bar exam in their country. LL.M. candidates are usually looking to gain specialized knowledge or training in a particular field of law. The LL.M. alone does not make a candidate eligible to sit for a bar exam or practice law in a particular jurisdiction.

LL.M. degrees may be offered in any number of specializations, such as tax law, intellectual property law, alternative dispute resolution, banking, corporate and finance law, and tribal policy, law and government.

LL.M. programming, curricula, eligibility requirements, and graduation requirements vary from program to program, so LL.M. candidates should research each program carefully. Some programs may have a thesis requirement, while others may contain a mandatory practical training component. One program may boast an LL.M. class size of several hundred students and offer many LL.M.-specific courses designed exclusively for the LL.M. population at that school. Another program may place LL.M. students primarily in J.D. classes with J.D. students.

Candidates should figure out why they want to pursue an LL.M. degree and then research programs to make sure the degree requirements will fulfill their professional goals.

Why would an LL.M. degree be useful?

An LL.M. might help you find a job, switch to a new field of law, gain a professional advantage, or sit for the bar exam. Here are some examples of candidates who might benefit:

  • Kate, a 3L who will graduate in a few months. She was not able to secure a summer associate position, didn’t do an internship, and doesn’t have a job offer. An LL.M. degree would give Kate another year to focus on networking with professors, alumni, and legal professionals while still being categorized as a “law student” by the legal marketplace.
  • Brian, a J.D. graduate interested in arbitration. His law school only offered one basic course in dispute resolution and no upper-level electives. He has little substantive knowledge of the field, no practical experience, and no network to mine for a job.
  • Susan, a J.D. graduate who happened to get a job at a personal injury firm upon graduation and has been practicing for six years. Her dream has always been to work as a music attorney, representing artists. However, the extent of her IP law knowledge is limited to one copyright law course taken seven years ago.
  • Jake, a young associate who is working in the tax law department of a firm. A tax LL.M. might give him a professional edge as he tries to make partner.
  • Daniel, a German lawyer who plans to work as a judge in Germany. Anyone who wants to pursue this path needs to hold post-graduate degrees. He decides to take a year off from his firm and study abroad in California to earn his LL.M. degree.
  • Serge, a lawyer who moved to New York City and learned that his Ukrainian law degree does not permit him to practice in the state. In order to qualify for the New York Bar Exam, he must either complete a J.D. or an LL.M.

Before you start down the course of applying for an LL.M., make sure to ask yourself, as well as other legal professionals around you and in the industry where you hope to work: Is this additional degree necessary? Is it useful?

Who is eligible to apply for an LL.M.?

While the admissions office of the law school ultimately determines what the minimum degree requirement should be, an LL.M. requires a candidate to have completed all academic requirements to earn a first professional legal degree. LSAC, which processes most LL.M. applications to ABA-approved law schools, provides a list of minimum degree requirements for foreign-trained attorneys who wish to pursue the LL.M.: https://www.lsac.org/llm-other-law-program-applicants/application-process-llm-other-law-programs/information-llm.

How do I pick an LL.M. program?

LL.M. degrees are offered by law schools around the world. In the US alone, over 150 law schools offer LL.M. degrees. Ask yourself what your priorities are and try to get answers to some of the following questions.

  • Is the country of the law degree important for your professional goals?
  • Is it important to your career that you learn the law of a particular state or jurisdiction? This may determine the geographic location of your LL.M. program.
  • Do you intend to sit for a bar exam in a particular jurisdiction?
    • In a very limited number of US states, a foreign law degree and an LL.M. from an ABA-approved law school will fulfill the requirements to sit for a bar exam. In all other states, the bar candidate must hold a J.D. degree. It might be beneficial to study in the state in which you intend to take the bar, as there may be state-specific legal courses available at the law school.
    • For foreign-trained attorneys, one year is a very short time to get familiar with the US system of law. What sort of programing does the law school offer in anticipation of the bar exam, or does the school expect LL.M. students to rely entirely on commercial bar review courses?
  • How important are law school rankings or the prestige of a law school to your decision?
    • There are many ways to value a degree from a law school. Try to determine what is necessary for success in your legal market. A “recognized” law school in your home country may not necessarily hold the same position of distinction in the US.
    • Just because a law school has a well-regarded J.D. program does not mean that you will have the same experience as an LL.M. student. Make sure to research the LL.M. curriculum and programming to see how much of the J.D. experience is open to you.
    • There are a number of rankings you could consider during your research, including US News & World Report (both overall and in your specialty), the Guardian (UK only), the National Law Journal, LLM-Guide.com rankings, and the International Jurist.
  • Is there a particular area of law that you wish to specialize in?
    • If you are looking to specialize in Tax Law, see what the upper-level electives in Tax Law look like. Is there a large and varied offering of elective courses? As an LL.M. student, would those courses be open to you? Are there prerequisites that would prevent you from taking advantage of parts of the course list? Are there faculty members in this area who are highly regarded and published in their field?
  • What sort of support structure is available for LL.M. students?
    • Does the law school value its LL.M. community? What sort of resources are in place for LL.M. students, whose needs and concerns are often very different from the rest of the J.D. population’s? Is there an academic director who is readily available to help students with academic programming questions? Are there robust training opportunities for students to grow their resumes by participating in internships, externships, and clinics? Is there someone in the Office of Career Services who is knowledgeable and available to advise LL.M. students about the unique legal market for LL.M. graduates?
  • What is the make-up of the current LL.M. community at the law school you are considering?
    • Is the LL.M. class size very small (less than 20), medium-sized (20-50), or large (50 to over 100)? If the LL.M. class size is very large, are there enough administrators to advise and assist the population? Is there a possibility that you could get lost in a crowd?
    • How many countries are represented in the LL.M. population? Is it mostly domestic J.D. students or primarily foreign-trained attorneys? If there is a large international population, how many countries are represented in this international population? Is there a large contingent from a particular country? As a prospective LL.M. candidate, how much diversity would you be looking for in your future LL.M. community?

There are many law schools offering many different programs with unique features that may be of value to an LL.M. candidate. The important thing to remember is that an LL.M. community is often much more diverse than a J.D. community, and no two LL.M. candidates are coming in with the same professional background. Therefore, to make the most of your LL.M. experience, be sure to know what you want out of it and research your options carefully.

How do I apply to an LL.M. program?

Most LL.M. programs will require you to submit your application and transcripts through the LSAC LL.M. Credential Assembly Service.

  • Use of this service simplifies the application process for candidates and streamlines the flow and receipt of information by the participating law schools.
  • Use of the service makes it easier for the candidate, allowing you to submit just one set of official transcripts, test scores, and original letters of recommendation to LSAC. LSAC will process and evaluate your materials and send a report to the schools you have selected to receive them.
  • If you have international transcripts, LSAC will evaluate and authenticate the transcripts and convert your academic performance according to a uniform standard so admissions committees can compare files with grades received from many different grading systems. This helps the admissions committee immensely and enables decisions to be rendered more quickly and fairly.

Some law schools may accept applications electronically directly through their websites, bypassing the LSAC LL.M. Credential Assembly Service. Still other law schools may accept applications directly by mail or by email. You should check with the admissions office to see what methods of submission are acceptable and which are preferred.

What is important in an LL.M. application?

As you begin to prepare your applications, do your research and see what sort of candidates the particular LL.M. programs favor. Some programs require work experience, while others are less particular about prior professional work. Some programs are geared towards international students who will return to their home countries after their degrees. Others are designed to help candidates pass the bar exam and establish a US-based practice. Still others favor domestic J.D. candidates who seek to change course in their legal careers or further specialize in their current legal fields.

Then ask yourself: What is the story of my application? All the components of the LL.M. application should convey a consistent message about why the candidate should be admitted to the Master of Law degree program. Use the application components you can control, such as your essays, to showcase your strengths and distinguish yourself from the rest of the applicant pool.

Letters of Recommendation

If you have been working in a law-related field or other area for a number of years, you should have a supervisor or company superior write a professional letter of recommendation. The letter should speak to your capacity to collaborate with colleagues, communicate with clients, and process challenging tasks to turn out quality products. The letter should also talk about how well the recommender thinks you would be able to handle the rigors of a law school environment. If English is your second language and you conduct your business in multiple languages, then the recommender should indicate how much of your professional business is conducted in English. This could help buttress a weak TOEFL result or reinforce a strong TOEFL result.

If you have maintained a strong relationship with a professor from your first law degree, you should include an academic recommendation in which the professor writes about your intellectual strengths and potential as a graduate law student. Remind the professor of your extracurricular activities during law school and any academic honors or accomplishments you achieved in your earlier legal studies. You should also discuss your professional plans after completing your LL.M. studies.

Resume

Your LL.M. resume should emphasize prior legal work or professional qualities such as persistence, ambition, critical thinking, empathy, ability to collaborate, responsibility, and organizational skills.

Personal Statement

An LL.M. degree is a one-year degree, a very short period of time to study, network, and hopefully find satisfying employment. The law school will primarily be focused on the larger J.D. community, so the LL.M. student will have to be self-motivated. Students who lack focus may run into academic trouble or find themselves unable to secure an internship or job. The Admissions Committee wants to see that the candidate is purposeful and self-directed.

A strong personal statement should indicate where candidates have been, where they want to go, and the reasons why this particular LL.M. degree will help them achieve their professional objectives. Since candidates already hold a first law degree and have some understanding of what the legal field requires, they should be able to write with specificity about past accomplishments and future goals.

TOEFL

A low TOEFL score can seriously cripple an otherwise strong application from an international student.

If your first law degree was not conducted in English and you do not hold a university-level degree where the language of instruction was English, then you will likely have to provide a TOEFL score in your LL.M. application. You should study for the test and try to achieve the highest score possible. Since LL.M. programs do not require an LSAT score, and GPAs are often calculated with grading systems from many different countries, the TOEFL provides admissions committees with one of their only standardized measures of the applicant pool. Moreover, an Admissions Committee wants to be certain that international students’ language skills will not prevent them from learning. If students cannot fully participate in classroom discussions or perform well on exams, they may not be satisfied students or graduates.

Thus, the TOEFL can play an outsized role in the admissions process as well as in determining merit scholarships.

Takeaways

  • An LL.M. is a one-year master’s degree for candidates who already have a degree in law, and it can help you switch to a new field of law, get a new job, or gain a professional edge.
  • LL.M. programs vary widely, so you should pick your program based on your professional goals.
  • Your LL.M. application should tell a story about what you’ve done and what you hope to do in the legal field.
  • Your personal statement, in particular, should be extremely specific about your previous studies, career, and ambitions.
  • If you speak English as a second language, your TOEFL score is important, and you should study for it.

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At 7Sage, we have worked with hundreds of law school applicants from China, South Korea, and many more countries, and we have assembled the following FAQ to help international students gain admission to America’s top law schools.

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🔥 In brief:

  • An LSAT median is the LSAT score that falls in the middle of an incoming class's distribution of LSAT scores. Half the scores are above the median and half the scores are below it.
  • If your top LSAT score is below the median, you'll probably need to make up for it with an above-median GPA. If your top score is above the median, you have a good chance of getting in.
  • A median is not an average, so being close to a school's median doesn't necessarily matter. You either hit the median or you don't. One point makes a difference.

✏️ More: Law schools are required to disclose six critical numbers about each entering class: the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile LSAT score (based on each applicant’s highest score), and the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile undergraduate GPA (UGPA).

(They disclose these numbers on their websites and to the American Bar Association in what’s called a standard 509 report. We've imported all medians and more into this handy table.)

A 50th percentile LSAT score is also called an LSAT median, and it’s the LSAT median that counts most. Specifically, a school’s LSAT median counts for 12.5 percent of its U.S. News & World Report rank. The UGPA median (aka the 50th percentile UGPA) matters second most: it counts for 10 percent of a school’s USNWR ranking.

Okay, but what IS a median?

A median is not an average. It’s the number that falls in the middle of a data set. For example, say there are three applicants to a law school with the following LSAT scores:

  • 145
  • 175
  • 178

The average is 166. The median is 175.

What does the median tell me about my chances of admission?

A lot, potentially.

Let’s take a historical example. Notre Dame Law School’s LSAT median for the 2021 class was 165. That means that half of NDLS’s matriculating class had LSAT scores lower than 165; half had LSAT scores higher than 165.

If your top LSAT score was 164, you may have felt that your score was close enough. As far as NDLS was concerned, however, there was a world of difference between applicants at the median and applicants below it. Just take a look at this scatterplot of NDLS 2017–2018 admissions outcomes, courtesy of Law School Numbers:

2017–2018 Admissions Outcomes at the University of Notre Dame Law School, courtesy of Law School Numbers. Notice the cutoff around the LSAT median.

Most applicants in this dataset with LSAT scores of 164 were waitlisted. Most with LSAT scores of 165 were accepted.

Now let’s look at one more example, this time from Harvard Law School. Harvard’s median LSAT score for the class of 2021 was 173, but a graph of their results doesn’t show the same neat cutoff around the median:

2017–2018 Admissions Outcomes at Harvard Law School Numbers. Notice the cutoff around the LSAT median.

The graph illustrates that law schools base their decisions on both LSAT scores and UGPAs. A stellar UGPA can sometimes compensate for a below-median LSAT score, and vice versa, but it's unlikely that you'll get into a school if both your LSAT score and GPA are below the median.

Of course, medians may change from year to year, and there are always outliers, but your scores and a school's medians should be your starting point as you put together a balanced list of reach schools, targets, and safeties.

📌 Further reading:


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See also our blog post about what happens after you submit and our webinar about last-minute tips.

Big-Picture Questions

  • Did you follow the application’s instructions for all documents?
  • Do you sound arrogant, bitter, overdramatic, or entitled?
    • (But it’s okay to give the details of a hardship! Just report it in a factual way.)

Attachment Questions

  • Did you proofread your documents?
    • Read out loud. Look at every word.
    • Track your changes as you proofread so you can make sure you don’t introduce a new error. (And proofread again after you make changes).
    • Look for common mistakes.
  • Did you format the essays correctly, and add consistent headers to all of them?
  • Did you use consistent file names?
    • {your name} {thing}
    • e.g. “David Busis Personal Statement.docx”
  • Did you accept all tracked changes and delete comments?
    • You can also submit a PDF.
  • Did you attach the right essays?

Advice about the Process

  • Don’t submit to your top choice first. Do a test run.
  • Review the PDF of your application.
  • If there’s anything on your application that you’re unsure about, just call a timeout.

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Do

  • read each school’s directions carefully;
  • tell a story about how you got to where you are;
  • look for five seconds that changed your life;
  • write about something you actually care about;
  • add specific details to key moments;
  • get feedback from at least one other person;
  • let your essay sit for a couple days before you revise;
  • ask yourself what point you’re trying to convey in each paragraph;
  • make your essay more concise;
  • read out loud as you proofread.

Don’t

  • exaggerate, or try to pull off any other BS;
  • take the reader on a tour of your resume;
  • write an op-ed;
  • explain why want to be a lawyer, unless you mean it;
  • guess what the adcom wants to hear;
  • aggrandize yourself;
  • say you care about social justice, unless your record backs it up;
  • address the wrong school;
  • let a single typo or grammatical error slip through.

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