Self-study
Toddlers are not being malicious when they bite people. ███ ████████ █ █████ ███ ████ █ ████ ███ ████ ████ ███ ██████ ██ ██ ███ █████ ██ ██████████ ███ ██ ███ ████ ██████ ███
Summary
Toddlers may bite without acting maliciously. Children may bite when they want a toy because the children feel the person with the toy is preventing them from having it.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
Toddlers who bite people to take a toy may not be acting maliciously. Toddlers may use biting as a means to an end.
8.
The situation as described above ████ ███████ ████████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ████████████████
a
Biting people is █████████ █ ███ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ██ █████ █████████
This answer is strongly supported because the stimulus gives us an example of this playing out. Toddlers have the problem of wanting a toy, and they use biting as a way of acquiring the toy to solve the problem.
b
Toddlers sometimes engage ██ ██████ ██████ ██ █████ ██ ███ █████████ ████ ███████
This is unsupported because we only know that toddlers biting may be trying to get a toy. We don’t know that they are trying to attract attention, and we also don’t know that they are trying to get attention specifically from adults.
c
Toddlers mistakenly believe ████ ██████ ██████ ██ ██████ ██ ██████████ ████████ ██ ███████
This is unsupported because the stimulus provides us no information on adults’ attitudes toward biting. It also gives us no information on how toddlers predict adults will view biting.
d
Toddlers do not █████████ ████ ██ ██████ ██████ ████ █████ ██████ █████ ███ █████
This is unsupported because the stimulus fails to tell us whether or not toddlers are successful in biting to acquire toys.
e
Resorting to biting ██████ ██ ██ ████ █████ ██ █████████ ███ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ████ ████ █████
This is unsupported because the stimulus avoids telling us the outcome of biting. We don’t know whether or not biting successfully leads to getting the toys toddlers want.