Self-study
There is strong evidence that the cause of migraines (severe recurrent headaches) is not psychological but instead is purely physiological. ███ ███████ ███████ ████ █████ ████ ██████ █████ ██████████████ ███████ ███ █████████ ████ ██████ ██ █ ████████ █████████████ █████ ██ ███████ ████ ██ ██████ ███ █████ ██████████████ ███████ ███ ██████████
"Surprising" Phenomenon
If people undergoing migraine treatment tend to show more signs of anxiety (a psychological issue), how can it be that the cause of migraines has nothing to do with psychological factors?
Objective
The right answer will be a hypothesis that offers a difference between people who are being treated for migraines and people who are not. This difference will provide another explanation for why people who are receiving treatment tend to have more anxiety without saying that anxiety or other psychological factors cause migraines.
20.
Which one of the following, ██ █████ ████ █████ ██ ███████ ███ ████████ ███████████ ██ ███ ███████████ ██████
a
People who have ████████ █████████ ████ ██ ████ █████████ ███ ████ ████ ████████ ██████████
(A) does not offer a difference between the groups, and is therefore not useful for explaining the apparent discrepancy.
b
People who have ████████ █████████ █████ ██████ █████ █████████ ████ █████ █████████ ███████
(B) deepens the apparent discrepancy instead of helping to explain it. If people often get migraines when under emotional stress, it leads one to believe that migraines could be caused by psychological factors, which contradicts the strong evidence offered in the stimulus.
c
People who rate ██████ ██ ███ ████████ █████████████ █████ ██ ███████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ████ ████████████ █████████ ████ ███ ██████ ███ ████ █████ ██ ███ ██████
(C) offers a difference that explains why individuals being treated for migraines have more anxiety: it is not because anxiety causes migraines, but because they are more likely to seek, and therefore receive, professional treatment.
d
Of the many ███████ ████ ██ ███ █████ ██ ████████ ██████████ ████ ██ █████ ████ ███████ ████ █████████████ ███████ ████ ██ ███████ █████ █████████ ████ ████ ██████ ███████████
This does not help to explain the apparent discrepancy, as the publicized nature of certain studies does not affect those studies’ results.
e
Most people who ████ █████████ ███ ███ ████ ████████████ █████████ ██████ ██ █████████ █████ ████ ████ ██████ ██████████ ███████ █████ ███████ ████████ ███ █████ ██ ██ █████████████ ██ ██████████████
(E) does not address the apparent discrepancy. The length of time or success of one’s treatment does not explain why people who receive treatment have more anxiety than those who do not.