Self-study
P1
By the mid-fourteenth century, professional associations of canon lawyers (legal advocates in Christian ecclesiastical courts, which dealt with cases involving marriage, inheritance, and other issues) had appeared in most of Western Europe, and a body of professional standards had been defined for them. ███
Intro topic ·
Professional associations of canon lawyers in the mid-14th century
These are lawyers in Christian religious courts. They had professional standards and were common in Western Europe.
Puzzling phenomenon ·
The associations didn't have big role in enforcing professional standards
Some even tried to stop efforts to enforce standards (example: Florentine guild).
P2
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Two potential hypotheses ·
Lawyers almost never violated standards, or disciplinary mechanisms were inefficient
P3
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Author's perspective ·
Disciplinary mechanisms were probably inefficient
Support 1 ·
English civil courts (non-religious) have much more disciplinary action
Those courts had ethical standards similar to the religious courts. So, disparity in number of disciplinary actions is probably due to religious courts' inefficient enforcement mechanisms. It's unlikely that religious lawyers were simply much more unethical than civil lawyers.
P4
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Support 2 ·
Lots of complaints by church authorities about unethical lawyers and inefficient disciplinary system
P5
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Result of complaints (related to support 2) ·
Induced religious lawyers to defend themselves from criticism
Complaints may have encouraged lawyers to form professional associations and to de-prioritize disciplining fellow lawyers.
Passage Style
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
Single position
12.
Which one of the following ██ ████ █████████ ██ ███ █
a
Members of a █████████ █████ ██ ██ ██████ ████ ████ ███████ ███ ██ █████ ██████████ ██ ██ ███████ ███████ ██ █████ ██ █████████████ █████████
Not analogous, because the strike is in reaction to a colleague believed to be “falsely accused.” But there was no suggestion in the passage that canon lawyers cared about whether misconduct accusations were true or false; the associations protected their members regardless of the truth or falsity of these accusations. Also, (A) involves a strike, which is a stopping of work. But the way in which canon lawyer associations protected their members didn’t involve stopping work; it involved failing to initiate disciplinary proceedings against the members.
b
In order to ███████ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ █████ ██ ███ ████ ██ █ ███████ ███████ ███████ █ ██████████ ████████ ███████████ ██ █ ███████████ ████ ████████
This involves a member of a profession trying to protect another member in the profession by failing to call attention to misconduct. This is the most analogous answer.
c
Several dozen recording ███████ █████ ██ ███████████ ██ █ ███████ ██ ███████ ██ ██████████ █████████████ ████████
The recording artists aren’t trying to protect other recording artists.
d
In order to ████████ ████████████ ████████ ██ █ █████ █ ██████████ ████████ ██ █████████ ██ ████ ███ █████ ███ ████ █ ██████████████ ████████████ ████████ ████████ ████ ███ ████ ███ ████ █████ ████ ████████
This doesn’t involve a member of a profession trying to protect another member of that profession.
e
A popular politician ██████ ██ ████████ ███ ████████ ████ ███████ ██████████ █████████ ██ ███ ████ █████████ ██████
This doesn’t involve one member of a profession trying to protect another member of that profession from accusations that could arise from misconduct.