Self-study
An instructor presented two paintings to a class. ███ ████ ████ ███ █████ ███ ████ ██ ███████████ ███████ ███ ███ ██████ ███ ████████ ██ ██ ███████ ████████ ████ ███████ ███ █████ █████ ████████ ███ ███████ ████████ ████████ ███ ██████ ███ ██████████ █████ █████████ ███ ████ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ████ █████ ██ █ █████████ ██████ ████ ████ ███ ████ ████ ███ █████ ███ ████████ ██ ██ ███████ ███████ ███ ███ ██████ ███ ████ ██ ███████████ ████████ ██ ████ ██████ ████████ ████ ████ ███ ██████ ████████ ███ ███████
Summary
An instructor showed two paintings to two groups of classes. In the first class, the instructor claimed that the first painting was displayed in prestigious museums while the second painting was painted by an amateur. The students in the first class selected the first painting as the better painting. In the second class, the instructor claimed that the first painting was painted by an amateur while the second painting was displayed in prestigious museums. The students in the second class selected the second painting as the better painting.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
At least some students were affected by the information they were told about the paintings when selecting which painting was better.
3.
The statements above, if true, ████ ████████ ███████ █████ ███ ██ ███ ██████████
a
Most of the ████████ █████ ███ ████ ███ ████ ██ ███ ████ ████ ████████ ██ ████ ████ ████████ ██ ██ ███████ ████████
We don’t know whether most students would not like any artwork they believed to be produced by an amateur. The stimulus is limited to two paintings. Claiming that most would not like “any” amateur artwork is too extreme.
b
None of the ██████ ████ ███ ██████████ ████ █████ ███ █████████ ███ █████
We don’t know whether any of the claims made by the instructor were false.
c
Each of the ████████ █████ ████ ████ ██ ███ █████████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████████ ███████
We don’t know if all of the students would like most paintings displayed in any prestigious museum. The stimulus is limited to two paintings. Claiming that “every” student would like “most” of these paintings is too extreme.
d
In judging the ██████████ ████ ██ ███ ████████ ████ ████████ ██ ████ ████ ███ ████ ████ █████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ██████████
Because the instructor presented the paintings in the same order and flipped the descriptions, at least some students must have been affected by the information they were given about the paintings.
e
Had the instructor █████████ ███ █████████ ███████ ███████ ███ ████████ ████████ █████ █████ ██████ ███ ██ ███ ████████ █████ ████ ██████ ████ ██ ██ ███████ █████ ██ ████████ ██████
We don’t know what would have happened if the instructor did not provide any information to the students about the paintings. We only know the results of the student’s preferences after the information they were told.