Self-study
In 1712 the government of Country Y appointed a censor to prohibit the publication of any book critical of Country Y's government; all new books legally published in the country after 1712 were approved by a censor. █████ ███ █████ ███████ ███ ████ ██ ███ ████ ███████████ █████████ ██ ███ ██████ ████ ███ ████████ ███ ████████████ █████ ███ ████ ███████ ████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ████ ███████████ █████████ ████ ███ █████████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ ████ ███████████ ████ ████ ████████ ███ ███ ████ █████ ████ ████████
Summary
After 1712, all new books legally published in a certain country were approved by a censor.
Under the first censor, 50% of the manuscripts submitted to the censor were approved for publication.
Under the second censor, 75% of the manuscripts submitted to the censor were approved for publication.
Under both censors, the number of manuscripts that were approved was the same.
Very Strongly Supported Conclusions
The overall number of manuscripts submitted was higher under the first censor than under the second. This is the only way that the number of manuscripts approved could be the same, but the proportion of manuscripts approved smaller under the first censor.
14.
If the statements in the ███████ ███ █████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ███ ██ ████████ █████████ ████ █████
a
More books critical ██ ███████ ███ ██████████ ████ █████████ ██████ ███ ███████████ ██ ███ █████ ██████ ████ █████ ███
We don’t know whether any manucripts were critical of the government or whether the number that were critical were higher or lower under the first censor. Don’t assume that if the censor didn’t approve, the manuscript was critical.
b
The first censor ███ ███ ██████ ██████ ██████████ ███ ███████████ ██ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ████ ████████████
False, because the first censor prohibited a higher number than the first. The second censor prohibited 25%, while the first prohibited 50%. If the number approved was the same for both censors, then the overall number submitted was higher under the first. 50% of a bigger number is larger than 25% of a smaller number.
c
More book manuscripts ████ █████████ ███ ████████ ██ ███ █████ ██████ ████ ██ ███ ███████
Must be true, because 50% were approved under the first, and 75% were approved under the second, but the number approved was the same. For example, let’s say number approved was 6. 50% of 12 submitted = 6 approved. 75% of 8 submitted = 6 approved. 12 is greater than 8.
d
The second censor ███████ ████ ████ ███████████ ██ ██ █████████ ████ ███ █████ ██████ █████ ████ ██████████ ████████ ██ ███████ ███ ███████████
Not supported, because we have no idea whether the same kinds of manuscripts were submitted to the second censor. There could be a different set of manuscripts about different subjects and raising different concerns.
e
The number of ███████ ███ █████ ███████████ ███████████ ███ ███████ █████ ███ █████ ██████ ████ █████ ███ ███████
We don’t know anything about the number of writers. We only know about the number of submissions from writers. One writer can submit multiple manuscripts.