Self-paced
Conclusion People who say that Dooney County is flat are clearly wrong. ██ ████ █████ ████ ███████ ██ █████ ██ ███ █ ████████ █████████████ ███████ █████ ████ ██ ████ ██ ███ █████ ████████ ██ ███████ ████████ ███ █ ████ ████ ███ █████ ██ ██████ ██████ ███ ██████ ████ █████████
Summary
Dooney County isn’t flat. How do we know? The author sets up a conditional argument with two key premises:
(1) If farmland is flat, then farmers don’t build terraces to prevent erosion on that land.
(2) In Dooney County, there are terraces on farmland (at least, so the author hears).
12.
The author's conclusion in the ███████ ███████ ██ ███ ██████████ ████
a
the only cause ██ ████ ███████ ██ █████
It’s the presence of terraces, not the specifics of erosion, that the argument depends on. Even if other causes of erosion exist, we know that on flat land, water-caused erosion isn’t a problem, and so any time farmland is flat, farmers won’t build terraces to prevent erosion.
b
there are terraces ██ ████████ ██ ██████ ██████ █████ ████ █████ ██ ███████ ████ ███████
This must be true for the author to infer that Dooney County is not flat. If (B) weren’t true—if there are no terraces that were specifically built to prevent soil erosion—then whatever terraces are there tell us nothing about whether the land is flat.
c
terraces of the ████ █████ ██ ████████ ██ ██████ ██████ ████ ████ █████ ██ ███████ ████ ███████
Whether the terraces happen to prevent erosion is irrelevant. What matters is what the terraces were built to do. For the argument to work, the terraces must have been specifically built (by farmers) to prevent erosion. Otherwise, the presence of terraces means nothing.
d
on flat land █████ ██ ██ ████ ███████
It’s the presence of terraces, not the specifics of erosion, that the argument depends on. Even if erosion occurs on flat land, we know that water-caused erosion isn’t a problem, and so any time farmland is flat, farmers won’t build terraces to prevent erosion.
e
the only terraces ██ ██████ ██████ ███ ██ ████████
Too strong. The argument only requires that at least some terraces in Dooney County are on farmland (because it’s the presence of farmland terraces that can help tell us whether the land is flat). Whether or not terraces also exist on other kinds of land is irrelevant.