Self-study
P1
What it means to "explain" something in science often comes down to the application of mathematics. ████ ████████ ████ ████ ███████████ ██ █ ████ ██ ████████████ ██████████ ███████████ ██ ██████ ███ ████████ ███ ███ █████████ ██ █████ ███ ████████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ██████ ███ ███████████ ██ ████ █ ██████ ██████████ ██████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████ ████ ██████ ███████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ █ ████ ██ █████████ █████ ███ ██████ ████████████ ████ ███████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ███████ █ ████████████ ███████ ████ █████████ ██ █████ ████████ █████ ██ ██████████ ████████ ███ ███████████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ ███ ██████
Thinkers' perspective ·
Science is about finding a mathematical explanation for things in the world
Math is a language that can describe the world.
P2
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Question ·
What's the relationship between language and what it refers to?
Linguists' answers ·
Either language corresponds to things, or it's purely a matter of convention
P3
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Supporters of "convention" answer ·
Language depends on what people accept
A statement is true only when there are no plausible alternatives that might make one question it.
Analogy to science ·
Mathematical statements about the world can be seen as true based on agreement
A more persuasive mathematical statement can come along and displace an old one.
P4
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Implication for linguists ·
If language is merely convention, what does it tell us about the world?
Analogous implication for scientists ·
If mathematical models/explanations are merely convention, what role do they play in scientific knowledge?
The author's main point is that we need to answer this question.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
25.
The primary purpose of the █████ █████████ ██ ██
a
offer support for ███ ████ ██ █████████ ███ ███████ ████ ████████ ███ ██ █████████ ██████████████ ██ ██████
On the contrary, the linguists in P3 hold the competing view: that language is a matter of agreed-upon conventions.
b
elaborate the position ██ █████████ ███ ███████ ████ █████ ██ ██████ █ ██████ ██ ██████████
This is an accurate description of the purpose of P3. The author
c
illustrate the differences ███████ ███ ████████████ ███ ███████████████ █████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ██████
The author is only concerned with explaining the conventionalist position in P3; the essentialist view is never mentioned here. The comparison between these two positions does not occur in P3.
d
demonstrate the similarity ██ ███ ██████████ ██████ ██ █ ███████ ██████ █████ ██████████ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ███████████
This is descriptively inaccurate. P3 does not mention a current debate among scientists. The author explains how the conventionalist view
e
explain the theory ████ ████████████ ██████████ ███ █ ████ ██ ████████
The author does not explain this theory in P3; the author