Self-study
An anthropologist hypothesized that a certain medicinal powder contained a significant amount of the deadly toxin T. ████ ███ ████ ███ █████████ ███ ███ ████████ ██ █████ █ ███ █████████ ███ ██████████████ ███ ███ ██████ ███ ████████ █ ███████ ███ ████████████ ███████ █████ ███ ████ ███████ ███████ ███ ██████████████ ████ ██████ ███ ███████████████ ████████ █████████ ████ █████ ███████ ████ ███████ ███████ ███ ██████ ███ █████████████ ████ ██████ ██ ██ ██████ █████████
Summarize Argument
The chemist concludes the anthropologist committed fraud. The chemist's evidence for this claim is not provided.
Notable Assumptions
The chemist believes that the anthropologist committed fraud by not revealing the test results, which contradicted her hypothesis. Thus, the chemist assumes that not revealing such results, whether in all such cases or for some reason specific to this case, constitutes fraud.
3.
In the absence of the ████████████████ ██████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ███████████ ██ ████████████ █████ ████ ███████ ███ █████████ ███████
a
Reporting results for ██ ██████████ ████ ███ ███ █████████ ███ █████████ █ █████ ██████ ███ ██ ██████ ██████████ ███ ████ █████████ ██ ██████████ ██████
Neither of these scenarios applies to the anthropologist, who didn’t report any results.
b
Scientists can commit █████ ███ ███ ██████ ████ ████████████████ ██ █████ ███████████
This answer choice doesn't apply, since the anthropologist didn’t report any disconfirmation of her hypothesis.
c
Scientists can neglect ██ ██████ ████ ████████████████ ██ █████ ██████████ ███ ███ ██ ████████ ██ ██████
This answer choice would undermine the chemist's charge, by suggesting that the anthropologist could still be innocent of fraud, even though she didn't report the test results.
d
Scientists commit fraud ████████ ████ ██████ ██ █████ ███ ████ ██████ ████ ████ ██ ██ ████████
This answer choice doesn't describe what the anthropologist did. She didn't report any results.
e
Scientists who neglect ██ ██████ ███ ██████████ ████ █████ ██ ███████████ ██ █████████████ █████ ██████████ ████ ███████ █████████ ██████
This answer choice supports the chemist's claim. Since the anthropologist neglected to report these results, which could be interpreted as disconfirming her hypothesis, she is guilty of fraud.