Self-study
An anthropologist hypothesized that a certain medicinal powder contained a significant amount of the deadly toxin T. ████ ███ ████ ███ █████████ ███ ███ ████████ ██ █████ █ ███ █████████ ███ ██████████████ ███ ███ ██████ ███ ████████ █ ███████ ███ ████████████ ███████ █████ ███ ████ ███████ ███████ ███ ██████████████ ████ ██████ ███ ███████████████ ████████ █████████ ████ █████ ███████ ████ ███████ ███████ ███ ██████ ███ █████████████ ████ ██████ ██ ██ ██████ █████████
Summarize Argument
The chemist concludes the anthropologist committed fraud. The chemist's evidence for this claim is not provided.
Notable Assumptions
The chemist believes that the anthropologist committed fraud by not revealing the test results, which contradicted her hypothesis. Thus, the chemist assumes that not revealing such results, whether in all such cases or for some reason specific to this case, constitutes fraud.
4.
Which one of the following, ██ █████ ████ ███████████ ███ ████████████████ ████████████████
a
The anthropologist had ████████ ████ █████ ████ ████ ███ █████████ ██████ ███ █████████ ████████ █████ █████ ██
The external evidence the anthropologist had going into the experiment doesn't tell us anything about the claim that testing the powder in an acidic solution invalidated the results.
b
The activity level ██ █████ █ █████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ██████ ███ █ ████ █████
We don't know if the powder used in the test was stored for a long time, and even if it was, just because a toxin is less active doesn't mean it isn't present. This answer choice doesn't connect to the anthropologist's argument that testing the powder in an acidic solution somehow means the results, which said toxin T was not present, were invalid.
c
When it is ███ ████ ██ ██████ █████████ █████ █ ███████ █████████████
This answer choice establishes that using an acidic solution for this test would totally compromise the search for toxin T. Thus, the test results truly were invalid.
d
A fresh batch ██ ██████ ███ █ ██████ ████████ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ███ █████
The information about what could hypothetically have happened after the first test neither strengthens nor weakens the claim that the results of the first test were invalid because of the acidic solution.
e
The type of ████████ ████ ███ ███████████ ██ ████ █████ ███████ ██ █████ ██
This answer choice doesn't strengthen the anthropologist's claim about an acidic solution somehow rendering the results of the test invalid.