Self-study
Lawyer: The defendant wanted to clear the snow off his car and in doing so knocked snow on the sidewalk. ████ ████ ████ ██████ ███ ████████ ███████ ███ ██ █████ ███ █████████ █████ ████████ ███ ████ ██ █████ ████ ███ █████████ ███████████ ██████ ███ ██████████ ███████ ██████ ██ █████████ ██ █████ ████ ███ ███ █████████ █████████████ ███████ ███ ████ ████ ███ ███ ███ ███ ██ ██ ███ █████████ ██████ ███████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ███ █████ █████ ████████████ █████ ███ ██████ ████████ ██ ███ ██████████
The Flaw: Intending All The Effects Of Your Actions
This argument’s flaw lies in the gap between “intentionally causing harm” and “intentionally doing stuff that, unbeknownst to you, causes harm.” It assumes that if you did something intentionally, you must also have intended all its effects, even those which you didn’t foresee.
Like many Parallel Flaw questions, this one greatly rewards thoughtful anticipation. Once you spot it, the assumption about intention is specific enough that you should roll into the answers searching for that concept in particular. That standard alone is enough to separate this question’s right answer from the wrong ones.
Analysis by MichaelWright
24.
The flawed reasoning in which ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ████ ███████ ██ ████ ██ ███ ████████ █████████
a
Alice asked her ██████ ██ ███ ██ ██████ ███████████ ██ ███████ ███████ █████ ██ █████ ██ ███████ ███ ████ ██ ████ █████ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ██ ███ ████████
b
Bruce wanted to ███ ███ █████████ ████ ███████████ ██ ██████ ███ █████████ ███ ███ ██████████ ██ █████ ██████ ██ ███ ███████
c
Cheryl denigrated the █████ ████████ ██████ ███ ██████ ███ ███ █████ ██ ██████ ███ ███ ███ ████ ████████ ███ ██████ ██████████ ██████████ ███ ███████
d
Deon had lunch ████ ███ ███████ ███████████ ██ █████ ███ ██████ ██ █████████ ███████ ██ ██ ██ ██████████ ████ ██ ████ ███ █████ ████ ██ ██████████ ████
e
Edwina bought a ███ ████ ███ ██████ ████ ██████ ███ ███████████ ██ ███████ ███ █████ ███ ██████ ███ ████ ██ ██████ ████ █ ██████ ████