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Philosopher: Support Scientists talk about the pursuit of truth, but, like most people, they are self-interested. ████████████ ███ ████████████ ██████████ ██ ████ ██████████ ███ ████████ ██████ ████████ ██████ ████████████ ███ ████ ████████████ ██████ ███ ███████ ██ ██████ ██████ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ ██████████ █████████ ███ ███████ ████████ ██████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ ████ █████████ ██ █ ██████ ███ ████ ████████████ ██████ ███ ███████ ██ ██████
Summarize Argument
The philosopher concludes that the scientific community’s activities are mainly about enhancing the community’s status, and only incidentally about pursuing truth. She supports this by saying that scientists are self-interested and most scientists’ professional activities are mainly about enhancing their personal careers, and only incidentally about pursuing truth.
Identify and Describe Flaw
This is a cookie-cutter “part to whole” flaw, where the author takes a characteristic of one part or parts of a group and assumes it to be true of the group as a whole.
The philosopher takes a premise about most scientists— that they’re motivated by career-enhancement rather than truth— and uses it to draw a conclusion about the scientific community as a whole— that it too is motivated by status-enhancement rather than truth.
18.
The reasoning in the philosopher's ████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ███ ████████
a
improperly infers that ████ ███ █████ █████████ ███ █ ███████ ██████████████ ████ ███ ███████ ████ ████ ██████████ ████ ████ ██████████████
b
improperly draws an █████████ █████ ███ ██████████ █████████ ██ █ █████ ████ █ ███████ █████ ██████████ ██████████
c
presumes, without giving ██████████████ ████ ███ ███ ██ ████████ ██████ ███████████ █████ ████████ ███ ███████ ██ █████
d
illicitly takes advantage ██ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ █████████████████
e
improperly draws an █████████ █████ █ █████ ████ ████████ █████ ███ ███████