Self-study
P1
Discussions of how hormones influence behavior have generally been limited to the effects of gonadal hormones on reproductive behavior and have emphasized the parsimonious arrangement whereby the same hormones involved in the biology of reproduction also influence sexual behavior. ██ ███ ███ ██████ ██████ ████████ ████ █████ █████████ ██ ████████ ██ █████ ██████████ █████████ ██ ██████████ ██████████ ███ ██████ █████████ ███
Intro topic ·
How different hormones influence behavior
Main point ·
Hormones that regulate body fluids also influence water and salt consumption
Explain homeostasis of body fluids ·
Fluids are tightly regulated by consuming and excreting water and sodium (salt)
Brief discussion of "osmolality": this is related to the composition of blood, and is what is regulated by intake and excretion of water and salt
P2
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One method of fluid regulation ·
Solute concentration in the fluid between cells is maintained by moving fluid in or out of cells
Problem ·
This method isn't always good enough
Solution ·
Physiological and behavioral responses
Example ·
of physiological/behavioral response to low solute concentration
A drop in the hormone vasopressin triggers two things: (1) excretion of excess water via urine; and (2) decreased thirst, which prevents taking in more water. Together, these reduce water in the body and raise the solute concentration back up.
Example ·
of physiological/behavioral response to high solute concentration
An increase in vasopressin triggers two things: (1) excretion of excess solutes via urine; and (2) increased thirst, which leads to taking in more water. Together, these increase water in the body and lower the solute concentration back down.
Elaborate ·
on the link between vasopressin and behavior
When solute concentration is too high, vasopressin first triggers water retention in the kidneys (i.e., a physiological response). Vasopressin only triggers a thirst (i.e., behavioral) response after the kidneys have done all they can do.
Passage Style
Single position
Spotlight
16.
The author of the passage █████ ███ ████████████ ███████ ███████ ████████ ███ ████████████ ████████ ██ █████ ██
a
review briefly the ███████ ██ ████████ ████ ███ █████████████ ███████ ███████ ███ ███████ ████████ ████ ███ ███ ██ ███ ███████ ██████████
We don’t get a review of the history of research into gonadal and peptide hormones. So this can’t be the purpose.
b
decry the fact ████ ████████ ████████ ███ ████████████ ██ ███ ██████████ █████ █████ ██ ███ █████████████ ███████ ████████ ███ ████████
The author doesn’t criticize the focus of previous research. There’s no evidence of a negative attitude.
c
establish the emphasis ██ ███████ ████████ ████ ███ ███████████ ███████ ████████ ███ ████████ ██████ ███████████ ██ ███ ███████ █████████ ██ ███ ███████
This is the best answer. The author notes that discussions about hormones’ effects on behavior have previously emphasized gonadal hormones; but there’s other research related to other hormones, and the rest of the passage explores that other research.
d
introduce a commonly ████ █████████████ █████ ███ █████████████ ███████ ████████ ███ ████████ ██████ ████████ ██ ████ ███ ███████ █████████ ██ ███ ███████
There’s no suggestion that anyone is under a “misconception” about the relationship between hormones and behavior. Although previous research has focused on gonadal hormones, that doesn’t imply people are under the mistaken belief that other hormones can’t influence behavior.
e
summarize the main ████████ ██ ██████ ████████ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████ █████████ ███ ███████ ██████████ ████ ███ ██ █████ ████████
The part about gonadal hormones isn’t a summary of findings described later in the passage.