PT112.S2.P3.Q20

PrepTest 112 - Section 2 - Passage 3 - Question 20

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P1

Discussions of how hormones influence behavior have generally been limited to the effects of gonadal hormones on reproductive behavior and have emphasized the parsimonious arrangement whereby the same hormones involved in the biology of reproduction also influence sexual behavior. ██ ███ ███ ██████ ██████ ████████ ████ █████ █████████ ██ ████████ ██ █████ ██████████ █████████ ██ ██████████ ██████████ ███ ██████ █████████ ███

Intro topic · How different hormones influence behavior
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Main point · Hormones that regulate body fluids also influence water and salt consumption
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Explain homeostasis of body fluids · Fluids are tightly regulated by consuming and excreting water and sodium (salt)
Brief discussion of "osmolality": this is related to the composition of blood, and is what is regulated by intake and excretion of water and salt
P2

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One method of fluid regulation · Solute concentration in the fluid between cells is maintained by moving fluid in or out of cells
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Problem · This method isn't always good enough
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Solution · Physiological and behavioral responses
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Example · of physiological/behavioral response to low solute concentration
A drop in the hormone vasopressin triggers two things: (1) excretion of excess water via urine; and (2) decreased thirst, which prevents taking in more water. Together, these reduce water in the body and raise the solute concentration back up.
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Example · of physiological/behavioral response to high solute concentration
An increase in vasopressin triggers two things: (1) excretion of excess solutes via urine; and (2) increased thirst, which leads to taking in more water. Together, these increase water in the body and lower the solute concentration back down.
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Elaborate · on the link between vasopressin and behavior
When solute concentration is too high, vasopressin first triggers water retention in the kidneys (i.e., a physiological response). Vasopressin only triggers a thirst (i.e., behavioral) response after the kidneys have done all they can do.
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20.

According to the passage, the ███████████ ██ ███████████ ████████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ █████████ ██ ███ ███████████ ██ ██████ ██████████ ██ ██████ ███████

a

It increases thirst ███ ██████████ ██████ █████████

This isn’t mentioned as an effect of withholding vasopressin.

8%
b

It helps prevent ███████ ████████ ██ ████ ███████

Supported. Withholding vasopressin encourages the body to release water, which helps to prevent the dilution of body fluids. (When water is expelled from the body, the remaining water in the body is less diluted – in other words, there’s a higher concentration of solutes).

56%
c

It increases the ████████████ ██ █████ ██ ███ ████████

Anti-supported. Vasopressin promotes conservation of water in the kidneys, so withholding vasopressin would not promote conservation. Rather, it would promote the release of water from the body.

32%
d

It causes minor ███████ ██ ██████ ███████

This isn’t mentioned as an effect of withholding vasopressin.

2%
e

It helps stimulate ███ █████████ ██ ███████ █████████

This isn’t mentioned as an effect of withholding vasopressin.

2%

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