Self-paced
P1
In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. ████ █████████████████ ███████████████████ ██████ ██ █████████ ████████████ ███
Phenomenon ·
Code-switching
Puerto Rican Americans use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, smoothly alternating between them.
Explanation ·
Most instances of code-switching can be explained by situational or rhetorical factors
Some exceptional cases of code-switching cannot be explained.
P2
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Explanation ·
Domains or social context determine whether code-switching occurs
Main factors are setting, participants, and topic which combine into five domains: family; friendship; religion; education; and employment.
Experimental Setup ·
To test effects of domains on code-switching
Researchers create hypothetical situations with 2 congruent factors or 2 incongruent factors. Then, researchers ask students to determine the third factor and which mixture of language they would use.
Results ·
2 congruent factors
Prompted with participants: parent and child and topic: how to be a good son or daughter. Students chose setting as home and language was Spanish only.
Results ·
2 incongruent factors
Prompted with participants: priest and parishioner and setting: beach, students disagreed on third factor and mix of language.
P3
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Exceptions ·
Unexplained code-switching
Sometimes the domain predictions about code-switching are wrong.
Example ·
One family at home
Family thought they spoke only English but they code-switched to Spanish (even when situational factors didn't change) to express certain attitudes like intimacy or humor more emphatically.
Passage Style
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
Single position
8.
Which one of the following █████████ ██ ███ █████████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ █ ████████ ██ █████ █████████ ██████ ███████ ██ █████ ██████████████ ███████ █████████ ████ ██████ █████████
a
Where do the ████████ ████████ ██ ███ █████ █████ ████ █ ██████ ███ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ██ ████ ████ ███ ███████ █████ ███ ██ ██ █ ████ ███ ██ █████████
b
What language or ███ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ████████ ██ ███ █████ █████ ████ █ ██████ ███ █████ █████ ██ ██████ ██ ███ ████ ████ ███ ███████ ██ ████ █████ ███ ██ ██ █ ████ ███ ██ █████████
c
What language or ███ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ████████ ██ ███ █████ █████ ████ █ ██████ ███ █ ███████████ █████ ██ ██████ ██ ███ ██ ████ ████ ██████████ ██ █ ██████
d
What topic do ███ ████████ ████████ ██ ███ █████ █████ ████ █ ██████ ███ █████ █████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ ███████ ████ ████ ███ ████████ ████████
We’re not told the linguists asked this. The study involved providing students two situational factors and asking them for the third factor as well as the language mix they’d use. It didn’t involve starting with the language of Spanish and asking about the likely topic.
e
What topic do ███ ████████ ████████ ██ ███ █████ █████ ████ █ ██████ ███ ███████████ █████ ██ ██████ ██ ███████ ██ █ ██████