Self-study
P1
In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. ████ █████████████████ ███████████████████ ██████ ██ █████████ ████████████ ███
Phenomenon ·
Code-switching
Puerto Rican Americans use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, smoothly alternating between them.
Explanation ·
Most instances of code-switching can be explained by situational or rhetorical factors
Some exceptional cases of code-switching cannot be explained.
P2
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Explanation ·
Domains or social context determine whether code-switching occurs
Main factors are setting, participants, and topic which combine into five domains: family; friendship; religion; education; and employment.
Experimental Setup ·
To test effects of domains on code-switching
Researchers create hypothetical situations with 2 congruent factors or 2 incongruent factors. Then, researchers ask students to determine the third factor and which mixture of language they would use.
Results ·
2 congruent factors
Prompted with participants: parent and child and topic: how to be a good son or daughter. Students chose setting as home and language was Spanish only.
Results ·
2 incongruent factors
Prompted with participants: priest and parishioner and setting: beach, students disagreed on third factor and mix of language.
P3
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Exceptions ·
Unexplained code-switching
Sometimes the domain predictions about code-switching are wrong.
Example ·
One family at home
Family thought they spoke only English but they code-switched to Spanish (even when situational factors didn't change) to express certain attitudes like intimacy or humor more emphatically.
Passage Style
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
Single position
9.
The primary function of the █████ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ██
a
consider a general ███████████ ███ ███ ██████████ ██ ██████████████ ████ ██ █████████ ████ ███ ███ █████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████
P3 doesn’t present a “general” explanation for the phenomenon of code-switching that’s different from that discussed in the previous paragraphs. In P1, the author asserts that
b
resolve an apparent ████████ ███████ ███ ████████████ ███ ██████████████ ████ ████ █████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████
There’s no conflict between the situational factor explanation and the rhetorical factor explanation. Both are compatible with each other, because some cases can be explained by situational factors, and other cases can be explained by rhetorical factors.
c
show that there ███ █████████ ██ ██████████████ ████ ███ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ █████████
This best captures the purpose of P3. The author wants to show that situational factors
d
report some of ███ ████████ ██ ██████████████ ████████ █████ █ ██████ ██ ██████ █████ █████████ ██ ███████ █████████
This isn’t the author’s purpose, because it’s divorced from the context of the other paragraphs. In P1, the author asserts that
e
show that some █████████ ██ ██████████████ ███ ███████████
Although the author does acknowledge that the code-switching described in the last paragraph was unconscious, the author’s purpose isn’t to show the unconscious nature of that code-switching. It’s to show that the code-switching can occur for rhetorical effect. This helps support the