Self-study
P1
In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. ████ █████████████████ ███████████████████ ██████ ██ █████████ ████████████ ███
Phenomenon ·
Code-switching
Puerto Rican Americans use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, smoothly alternating between them.
Explanation ·
Most instances of code-switching can be explained by situational or rhetorical factors
Some exceptional cases of code-switching cannot be explained.
P2
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Explanation ·
Domains or social context determine whether code-switching occurs
Main factors are setting, participants, and topic which combine into five domains: family; friendship; religion; education; and employment.
Experimental Setup ·
To test effects of domains on code-switching
Researchers create hypothetical situations with 2 congruent factors or 2 incongruent factors. Then, researchers ask students to determine the third factor and which mixture of language they would use.
Results ·
2 congruent factors
Prompted with participants: parent and child and topic: how to be a good son or daughter. Students chose setting as home and language was Spanish only.
Results ·
2 incongruent factors
Prompted with participants: priest and parishioner and setting: beach, students disagreed on third factor and mix of language.
P3
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Exceptions ·
Unexplained code-switching
Sometimes the domain predictions about code-switching are wrong.
Example ·
One family at home
Family thought they spoke only English but they code-switched to Spanish (even when situational factors didn't change) to express certain attitudes like intimacy or humor more emphatically.
Passage Style
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
Single position
11.
It can be inferred from ███ ███████ ████ ███ ██████ █████ ████ ██████ █████ ████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ███████████
Question Type
Author’s perspective
Implied
It’s difficult to predict the correct answer merely from the question stem, so let’s use process of elimination.
a
Research revealing that ████████ ███ █████████ ███████ ██ ██████████████ █████ █████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ █ █████ █████ █████████ ████ ██████ █████████
Not supported. The study involving high school students, described in P2, never suggested that speakers are always aware of the reasons they code-switch. So a study showing that speakers are sometimes unaware of their code-switching wouldn’t cast doubt on the study in P2.
b
Relevant research conducted █████ ██ ███ ██████████ ████ ████ ████ ██████ ████████ █████ ████ ███ ██ ██████ █████████ ███████ ████ █████ ███ ████████ ████████ █████
Not supported. We have no reason to think the results of the study described in P2 are unexpected. The
c
Research conducted prior ██ ███ █████ ██ █ ██████ ██ ██████ █████ █████████ ███ ███████ ██ ████ ███████████ ██ ███████ ██████████████ ██ ███ ██████ ███ ████ ███████ ██ ███████████ █████████
The study of a family of Puerto Rican Americans is discussed in P3. There’s no evidence that research conducted before this was ever thought by “most” researchers to explain code-switching in “all except the most unusual or nonstandard context.” Although P3 shows that situational factors aren’t the only reason people code-switch, there’s no indication that over half of researchers ever thought that situational factors explained all code-switching with only a few exceptions.
d
Research suggests that ██████ ███████ ██ ██████████████ ███ ███████ ███████ ██ █████ ███████████ ███████ █████ █████████ █████ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ ██████████
Although P3 shows that people can be
e
Research suggests that ███ ██████ ██ ██████ █████ █████████ ████ ███ ███ ██████████████ ██ █████████████ ████ ██ ████ ██████ ███ ██████████ ██████████ ███████