Self-study
The tidal range at a particular location is the difference in height between high tide and low tide. █████ ███████ ████ █████ ████ ███ ██ ███ ████████ █████ ██████ ██ ███ █████ ██ █████ ██ ███ ███ ██ █████ ███ ███████ ████ ████ █████████ ███████ █████ ███ ████ ██████ ████████ ██ ████████ ███ █████ ███ ███ █████ ███ ██████ ████████ ███ ██████████ ██ █████ ██████ ████ ████ ██ █████████ ████████ ██ █████████████ ███████
Summarize Argument: Phenomenon-Hypothesis
The author puts forward a theory that tidal ranges—the difference between a tide’s highest and lowest points—must be explained only in terms of gravitational force since that’s the tides’ only cause.
Identify and Describe Flaw
The argument fails to consider that while an event may have just one cause, it can still be affected by other forces. There could be many factors such as geography, weather, etc. that all impact how high or low a tide rises or falls. Even though these factors don’t directly cause tides to occur, they can certainly exert some kind of influence on their ranges.
1.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ █ ████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████
a
It gives only ███ ███████ ██ █ █████ ██████
This isn’t a flaw. The Bay of Fundy is given as one example of a tidal range, but the argument’s logic wouldn't be affected whether there were more examples or none at all.
b
It fails to ████████ ████ ███ ████ ██ █ █████ █████ █████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ██ █████ █████████████ ██████ ████
This describes how the author assumes that other factors don’t affect tidal ranges simply because they aren’t causes of tides. For example, a rainstorm might cause the water level to be higher, though rain doesn’t directly cause a tide.
c
It does not ████████ ███ ███████████ ████ ███ █████ ███ ████████ ██ █ █████████ ███ ████ ███ ████ ██████
This is irrelevant. Even if low and high tides are measured differently, this doesn't affect the potential explanations for the size of a tidal range. The magnitude of a tidal range is still the difference between high tide height and low tide height, and we still know that only gravity is involved in inducing tides.
d
It presumes, without █████████ ████████ ████ ████ ████████ ██████ ███ ███████ ██████ ██ █ ██████ ██ ██ █████████ ██ █████████████ ███████
This is descriptively inaccurate—the argument doesn’t do this. It says that gravity causes tides, but never mentions any other activities in the ocean. So the author never assumes anything about "most" activity within the world's oceans.
e
It does not █████████████ ███████ ███ █████ ██████ ██ ███ ███ ███ ███ █████ ██████ ██ ███ █████
This is an irrelevant distinction. The argument uses as a premise the fact that only gravitational forces of the sun and moon affect tidal ranges. This fact is still true even if there are potential differences in how the sun and moon affect the tide.