Self-study
P1
Although the rights of native peoples of Canada have yet to be comprehensively defined in Canadian law, most native Canadians assert that their rights include the right not only to govern themselves and their land, but also to exercise ownership rights over movable cultural property—artifacts ranging from domestic implements to ceremonial costumes. ███
Native Canadians' perspective ·
Natives have right to own movable cultural property
Example: Domestic implements, ceremonial costumes.
Current law ·
Statute and common law puts ownership of movable property with current owners, not Native Canadians
Recent litigation is questioning this ownership.
P2
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Basis of current ownership rules ·
Private property can be owned by individuals or groups functioning as individuals
Encourages right of individual owners to use property as they see fit.
New perspective in litigation ·
Collective ownership
Each member of a community has an equal say regarding use of the community's resources.
P3
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Problem for new perspective ·
Legal documents to support property ownership; Native Canadians usually don't have these, but museums do
Solution ·
Courts will become more aware that collective property exists
This will lead to recognition that Native Canadians should own their movable cultural property.
Passage Style
Problem-analysis
Single position
13.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████ ████ ██ ███ ████████
a
Litigation by native █████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ██ █████ ███████ ████████ ████████ ███████████ ███ ███ ███████ ██ ███████ █████████ ███ ██████ ████████████ ████████ ███ ████████████ ████ ████ ███████ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ ████ ██████ ███████ ██ ██████████ ██████████
The author doesn’t advocate for the replacement of private ownership with the concept of collective ownership. Although the author likely agrees that in the case of cultural property of native Canadians, courts should not apply the concept of private ownership, we don’t know that the author is in favor of abandoning the concept of private ownership for other kinds of property and other kinds of people.
b
Litigation by native █████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ██ █████ ███████ ████████ ████████ ██ ██████ ██ ███████ ████ ██████████ ██ ██████ █████ ██ ███████████ ████ ███ ███████ ██ ██████████ █████████ ██ ████ ███████████ ████ ███ ███████ ██ ███████ █████████ ██ ████ ██████
This is the best answer, because it captures the author’s opinion that
c
The conflict between ███ ████████ ██ ██████████ ███ ███████ █████████ ████ ███ ███ ██ ██████████ ██ ██████ █████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ██ █████ ███████ ████████ ████████ ██ ██ ███████ █ ██████ ████ ███████ ███████████ ██████ ███ ██ ████████████ ██ ██████ ██ ██████████ ████ ███████ ██ █████ █████████
The main point isn’t an attempt to characterize the conflict between collective and private ownership in some particular way. The point is to tell us about the problem faced by native Canadians, why it exists, and how courts will treat the native Candians’ lawsuits in the future.
d
The conflict between ███ ████████ ██ ██████████ ███ ███████ █████████ ████ ███ ███ ██ ██████████ ██ ██████ █████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ██ █████ ███████ ████████ ████████ ██████ ██ ████████ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ██████ █████████ ████ ████ ███████████████ ███████ ██ ████████ ████
Not supported, because the author doesn’t suggest that the problem faced by native Canadians requires a comprehensive definition of native Canadians’ rights. Rather, the author believes the problem will be solved over time as courts recognize that they shouldn’t apply the concept of private property to the native Canadians’ attempts to regain control of their cultural property.
e
The conflict between ███ ████████ ██ ██████████ ███ ███████ █████████ ████ ███ ███ ██ ██████████ ██ ██████ █████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ██ █████ ███████ ████████ ████████ ███████████ ███ ████ ██ ██████ ███ ███████ ██ ███████ ████████ ██ ███████ █████ ██ █████ █████████ ██ █ ██████████ ██ ████████████
The author doesn’t advocate for an expansion of the concept of private property. Although the author likely agrees that in the case of cultural property of native Canadians, courts should apply the concept of collective property, this doesn’t imply that the author thinks private property should be expanded to include collective property. Collective property and private property can exist as separate concepts, even if each is recognized as a legitimate basis for claims to property.