Self-study
Since the sweetness of sugared beverages makes athletes more likely to drink them, they can be helpful in avoiding dehydration. ████████████ █████ ███████ ██ █████ ███████ ███ ██████ ██████████ ██ █████ ███ █████ ██████ ███████ ██ ███████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ██████ ██████ ███ ████ ███ ███████ █████████ ███████████ ███ █████ ███████ ████ █████ ████ ███ █████ ██ ███ ████████ ███████ ████████████ ███ ███████████ ████████
Summary
The sweetness of sugared beverages can be helpful in avoiding dehydration because it makes athletes more likely to drink the beverages.
Small amounts of sugar help the body absorb water.
Small amounts of sugar delay muscle fatigue by maintining body’s glucose level.
Large amounts of water take water from the blood to the stomach, which makes dehydration worse.
Notable Valid Inferences
There’s no clear inference to draw from the facts. I’d rely on process of elimination to identify which answer must be false.
21.
If the statements above are █████ ████ ████ ██ ███ █████████ █████ ████ ██ ████ ███████
a
Glucose is not ███ ████ ████ ██ █████ █████ ███████ ██ ████████ ██ █████ ████ ██████ ██████ ████████
Could be true. We don’t know about other kinds of sugars besides glucose. So it could be true that other kinds of sugar can affect muscle fatigue.
b
Problems caused by ███████████ ███ ██████████ ███████████ ██ ██████████ ████ █████ ██████ ███████ ███ █████████
Must be false. We know sugar is a subtance that delays muscle fatigue. And small amounts of sugar can help athletes avoid dehydration. So not all substances that delay muscle fatigue will “invariably” exacerbate dehydration problems.
c
Dehydrated athletes find █████████ ██████████ █████ ███████ ██ █████ ██ ██ ███ ██████
Could be true. We don’t know how dehydrated athletes find the taste of large amounts of sugar. They might think it’s too sweet.
d
Some situations that ██████████ ███ ████████ ██████ ██ ██████ ███████ ██ ███ ██████████ █████ ██████ ██ ████████████
Could be true. The stimulus doesn’t indicate anything about situations that exacerbate the problems of muscle fatigue. So it could be true that some situations that exacerbate muscle fatigue don’t exacerbate dehydration.
e
The rate at █████ ███ ████ ███████ █████ ███████ █████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ █████ ███████ ███████ ██ ███ ██████
Could be true. We don’t know the primary factor that affects water absorption rate of the body. So it could be true that the primary factor is the amount of water already present in the blood.