PT123.S1.P4.Q23

PrepTest 123 - Section 1 - Passage 4 - Question 23

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P1

Although philanthropy—the volunteering of private resources for humanitarian purposes—reached its apex in England in the late nineteenth century, modern commentators have articulated two major criticisms of the philanthropy that was a mainstay of England's middle-class Victorian society. …

Intro topic / commentators' perspective · Philanthropy in Victorian England; two criticisms by commentators
The earlier criticism is that such philanthropy was even by the later nineteenth century obsolete, since industrialism had already created social problems that were beyond the scope of small, private voluntary efforts. Indeed, these problems required substantial legislative action by the state. Unemployment, for example, was not the result of a failure of diligence on the part of workers or a failure of compassion on the part of employers, nor could it be solved by well-wishing philanthropists.

Commentators' criticism 1 · Philanthropy obsolete
Legislation required to fix problems caused by industrialism (ex. unemployment).
P2

The more recent charge holds that Victorian philanthropy was by its very nature a self-serving exercise carried out by philanthropists at the expense of those whom they were ostensibly serving. In this view, philanthropy was a means of flaunting one's power and position in a society that placed great emphasis on status, or even a means of cultivating social connections that could lead to economic rewards. …

Commentators' criticism 2 · Philanthropy self-serving
Signaled social status and helped cultivate connections with rich people.
Further, if philanthropy is seen as serving the interests of individual philanthropists, so it may be seen as serving the interests of their class. According to this "social control" thesis, philanthropists, in professing to help the poor, were encouraging in them such values as prudence, thrift, and temperance, values perhaps worthy in themselves but also designed to create more productive members of the labor force. Philanthropy, in short, was a means of controlling the labor force and ensuring the continued dominance of the management class.

Extension of Criticism 2 · "Social control" thesis
Philanthropy helped management class control labor force by encouraging values that make more productive workers.
P3

Modern critics of Victorian philanthropy often use the words "amateurish" or "inadequate" to describe Victorian philanthropy, as though Victorian charity can only be understood as an antecedent to the era of state-sponsored, professionally administered charity. This assumption is typical of the "Whig fallacy": the tendency to read the past as an inferior prelude to an enlightened present. If most Victorians resisted state control and expended their resources on private, voluntary philanthropies, it could only be, the argument goes, because of their commitment to a vested interest, or because the administrative apparatus of the state was incapable of coping with the economic and social needs of the time.

Characterization of commentators' criticism · "Whig fallacy"
Commentators (mistakenly) assume that Victorian charity must have been inferior prelude to later government-backed, professionalized charity.
P4

This version of history patronizes the Victorians, who were in fact well aware of their vulnerability to charges of condescension and complacency, but were equally well aware of the potential dangers of state-managed charity. They were perhaps condescending to the poor, but—to use an un-Victorian metaphor—they put their money where their mouths were, and gave of their careers and lives as well.

Rejection of commentators' criticism · Victorian philanthropists not so self-serving
They were concerned about government-managed charities, and sacrificed a lot in their philanthropic pursuits.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
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23.

Which one of the following best describes the attitude of the author of the passage toward the "Whig" interpretation of Victorian philanthropy?

a

strong disagreement

This fits with the author’s description of the Whig view of history as fallacious and patronizing.

57%
b

mild skepticism

This is going in the right direction, but it’s too weak to accurately describe the author’s attitude. Both “mild” and “skepticism” suggest moderation, but the author is straightforwardly negative and disapproving.

18%
c

cynical amusement

“Amusement” isn’t a good description of the author’s serious and humorless disapproval of the Whig interpretation.

15%
d

bland indifference

“Indifference” indicates neutrality. However, the author provides a definitively negative view of the Whig interpretation.

4%
e

unqualified support

On the contrary, the author strongly criticizes the Whig view, which P3 describes as a fallacy.

5%

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