Self-study
Environmentalist: The excessive atmospheric buildup of carbon dioxide, which threatens the welfare of everyone in the world, can be stopped only by reducing the burning of fossil fuels. ███ ███████ ████████ ███ ██████ ████████ █████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ███████ ██ ████ █████ ████ ████ █████████ █████████ ████████ █████ ███████ ██████ ███ █████ ████████ ████████ ██ ██████ ████ ██ ███████ ██ ████ ██████████████ ███ █████ ██ ██ ██████ ████ ████ ███████ █████████ ██ ██ ████████ █████ ████ ███ ████████████ ████████████ ██ █████████ ███████████ ██████ ███████ ███ ███████████ ██████ ████████
Summary
According to the environmentalist, excessive atmospheric carbon dioxide threatens everyone’s welfare, and can only be stopped by reducing fossil fuel use. However, any country that participated in this reduction would also reduce its GNP. Also, no country would willingly take on the entire cost of an action that helps everyone. Thus, the threat of excess atmospheric carbon can only be avoided if... what?
In Lawgic:
P1: stop carbon excess → reduce fossil fuels
P2: reduce fossil fuels → reduce GNP
P3: country → /willing to bear entire cost
C: stop carbon excess → ?
Strongly Supported Conclusions
From the stimulus, we can conclude that avoiding the threat of excess atmospheric carbon dioxide can only be avoided if multiple countries work together to share the burden of reducing fossil fuel use.
7.
Which one of the following ████ █████████ █████████ ███ █████████
a
all nations become ████ █████████ ████ █████████ ████ ████ ███ ████████ ███████ ██ ██████████ ██
This is anti-supported. The whole problem for the environmentalist is that each individual country is too concerned with economics, and not concerned enough with pollution. Shifting the balance further towards economics definitely wouldn’t avoid the carbon crisis.
b
multinational corporations agree ██ █████████ ██████ ████████ █████████
This is not supported. The environmentalist doesn’t indicate the role of multinational corporations at all, and talks about strict government regulation rather than voluntary emission standards.
c
international agreements produce ██████████ ████████ █████████
This is strongly supported. The environmentalist’s argument is that countries aren’t willing to work alone to impose industrial emission standards. International agreements would share the economic burden, thus allowing a solution through participation.
d
distrust among nations ██ ██████████
This is not supported. The environmentalist doesn’t suggest anything about distrust among nations. It may be tempting to assume that distrust is the obstacle, but we just don’t have enough information about nations’ intentions and their leaders’ beliefs.
e
a world government ██ ███████████
This is not supported. The environmentalist is leading to the conclusion that some kind of international participation is necessary, but world government is an extreme way to do so, and it’s not an option suggested in the stimulus. This just goes too far.