Self-study
In 1963, a young macaque monkey was observed venturing into a hot spring to retrieve food which had fallen in. █████ █████ ████████ █████ ██ █████ ███ ███████ ███ ████ █ ███ █████ ████ ████████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ ██████ █████ ██ █████ ██ ████████ ███ ████ ████ ████████ ██ ███ ███ ███████ ██ █████ ███ █████ ███ █████████ ████████ ████ █████ ██████ ███ ████████ █████ █████ ████████ ███ ████ ██ █████ ███ ████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ██████ █████████ ███ ███ ███ ████████ ████████ ██ █████ ███████ █████████
Summary
After one macaque monkey went into a hot spring, others began doing the same, even though they never had before. Therefore, macaque monkeys can pass on social behaviours, and are not merely motivated by their genetics.
Notable Assumptions
The argument concludes that monkeys are not motivated solely by their genetics from the fact that they appeared to learn a specific behavior over time. It does not however, explicitly state that that “learning” couldn’t possibly have been motivated by the monkeys’ genetic makeup. This is therefore a missing necessary assumption - - that the change in the monkeys’ behavior could not have been motivated entirely by their genetics.
14.
Which one of the following ██ ██ ██████████ ████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████
a
Mutations in the ███████ ████████ ██ █ ███████ ███████ ██ ████████ ███ █████ ████ █ ████ ████ ██ █████ ██ █ ███ █████ ██ ████████
This would actually undermine the argument - if the genetic heritage could have changed quickly, then it’s possible that the change in behavior was actually because of a change in genetics.
b
New patterns of ████████ ████ ██████ ██ ███████ ███████████ ████ ███ ██████ ██ █ ███ █████ ██ ███████ ███ ███ ███████████ ███████████ ██████████████
This is the missing link needed to ensure the conclusion follows from the premises. If this were negated, and the patterns could have been genetically predetermined, then the monkeys could still be entirely captive to their genetic heritage.
c
Only when behaviors ██████ ███████ █████ ██ ██████ ██████████ ███ ██ ████████ ████ █ ███████ ██████████ ███ ████████ ██ ████ ███████ ██ ████████
This isn’t related to the argument. The argument is not arguing that a genetic alteration occurred - to the contrary, it’s arguing that it was a social, not genetic, change.
d
The social behaviors ██ ████████ ███ ██████████ ███████████ ██ █████ ███████ █████████
This is too strong. The argument only needs to demonstrate that the monkeys are not entirely captives of their genetic makeup, not that their genetic heritage is completely unrelated to their social behaviors.
e
The macaques' new ███████ ██ ████████ ████ ███████ ████ ███████ ████████████
The conclusion is based on an analysis of what actually has occurred, and does not need to assume that change will continue moving forward to perform that analysis.