Self-study
Lance: If experience teaches us nothing else, it teaches us that every general rule has at least one exception.
██████ ████ ███ ████████ ██ ██████ █ ███████ █████ ██ ██ ██████ ████ ██ ██ █████ ████ █████ ██ ██ █████ ███ ███████ ████ ████ ███ ██ ███████████ ██████████ ███ ████ ████████ ████ ███████████
Summarize Argument: Counter-Position
Frank concludes that Lance is wrong to claim that “every general rule has at least one exception.” This is because, according to Lance’s claim, Lance’s own general rule would need to have an exception. In other words, if Lance’s claim is true then not every general rule has at least one exception, in which case Lance’s claim cannot be true.
Describe Method of Reasoning
Frank counters Lance’s claim by pointing out that it is self-contradictory and cannot be logically true. As Frank points out, Lance’s general rule that “every general rule has at least one exception” entails that this rule itself must have at least one exception. If Lance’s rule has an exception, then logically, there must be some general rule with no exception, which would make Lance’s rule false.
11.
Frank's argument is an attempt ██ ███████ ███████ ██████████ ██
a
demonstrating that Lance ███████ ███ ████ █████ ██ ████ ███ ██ █████
Frank doesn’t demonstrate that Lance assumes the point that he is trying to prove. Instead, Frank demonstrates that Lance’s point is self-contradictory and therefore invalid.
b
showing that Lance's ██████████ ████████ ███ ██ █ █████████████
Frank shows that Lance’s conclusion is self-contradictory, because in following the chain of inferences from Lance’s rule, one must end up breaking that rule.
c
showing that no ███████ ████ ███ ████ ██████████
Frank doesn’t claim that no general rule can have exceptions, only that Lance’s assertion that every general rule must have an exception is invalid.
d
establishing that experience ███████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ████ █████ █████████
Frank doesn’t claim that the opposite of Lance’s conclusion is true, only that Lance’s conclusion is invalid. Frank also never talks about what experience teaches us.
e
showing that it ███ ██ ████████████ ███ ███ ████ █████
Frank doesn’t bring up real cases in his argument. He only shows that Lance’s conclusion is logically contradictory.