Self-study
P1
As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote. █ ██████ ██ ██████
Author's perspective ·
What we view as "cultures" are influenced by human biases and purposes
Present purposes affect the national identities we make from the past.
Example 1 ·
European accounts of Greek civilization ignored African and Eastern roots
This was done to support image of European cultural dominance.
P2
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Example 2 ·
Manufacturing and reinterpreting rituals and traditions
Europeans co-opted traditions of colonized people to portray legitimacy of European power. (Example: Queen Victoria and jamborees of India. The jamborees celebrated her rule, as if her rule was based on traditional custom.)
P3
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Example 3 ·
Colonized cultures also manufacture images about pre-colonial past
During wars of independence from their colonial occupiers, native cultures often create idealized images of what culture was like before colonization. (Example: Algeria.)
P4
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Author's takeaway ·
"Culture" is influenced by many things, including foreign elements
Passage Style
Single position
20.
In the context of the ████████ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ██████ ███ █████ ██████████ ████ █████████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ████████████████
a
Apparent traditions may ██ ████████ ██ █████████
This is the best answer. Apparent traditions (such as the jamboree in P2) may be products of artifice (intended to deceive). The jamboree celebrating Victoria isn’t actually a real tradition, but is made to seem like one to grant the British rule more legitimacy. Also, Algerians “create” idealized images of their own history, not because it’s true, but to give people “something to revive and admire.”
b
National identity generally ████████ ████████ ███████████
Nothing in P2 and P3 supports the claim that cultural uniformity is required for national identity.
c
Most colonial cultures ███ ██ ██████ ██████████ ███ ██████████
We only get a discussion of British rule and French rule; we don’t know that “most” (over half) of colonial cultures are artificial.
d
Historical and cultural ███████████ ███ █████ ████████ ███████████
It’s not clear whether historical and cultural experiences are crossing national boundaries in the example in P3. This example involves Algerians creating images about their own history. No part of this has to involve crossing national boundaries.
e
Revolutionary cultures are █████ ████ █████████ ████ ████████ █████████
P3 doesn’t show that the Algerian revolutionary culture is more authentic than imperial cultures. In fact, it shows that the revolutionary culture can also be inauthentic.