Self-study
P1
As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote. █ ██████ ██ ██████
Author's perspective ·
What we view as "cultures" are influenced by human biases and purposes
Present purposes affect the national identities we make from the past.
Example 1 ·
European accounts of Greek civilization ignored African and Eastern roots
This was done to support image of European cultural dominance.
P2
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Example 2 ·
Manufacturing and reinterpreting rituals and traditions
Europeans co-opted traditions of colonized people to portray legitimacy of European power. (Example: Queen Victoria and jamborees of India. The jamborees celebrated her rule, as if her rule was based on traditional custom.)
P3
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Example 3 ·
Colonized cultures also manufacture images about pre-colonial past
During wars of independence from their colonial occupiers, native cultures often create idealized images of what culture was like before colonization. (Example: Algeria.)
P4
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Author's takeaway ·
"Culture" is influenced by many things, including foreign elements
Passage Style
Single position
21.
The primary purpose of the ███████ ██ ██
a
argue for the ████████ ██ █ ██████ ███████ ████ ██ ██ ████████ ████ ████ ████████ ████████
The author does not advocate for creating a global culture.
b
explain how the ██████ ███ ████████ ██████████ ████████ ███████████ █████████
The primary purpose isn’t about imperialist attitudes. Remember, P3 involved an example of a non-imperial culture.
c
stress the importance ██ ███████████ ██ ████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ██ ████████ ████████
The author doesn’t advocate for objectivity in studying cultural identify. The author simply describes influences on cultural identity. Nowhere does the author suggest that we should be more objective.
d
advance the claim ████ ███████ ████████ ████████ ███ ███████ ██ ████████ ██████████
This best captures the primary purpose. “As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote.” Present concerns include things like the desire to seem more legitimate (P2) or to give people something to revive or admire (P3).
e
reveal the imperialist ███████████ ██ ████ ██████████████████ ███████████
The motivations of certain 19th-century scholarship is relevant only to the example at the end of P1. This doesn’t capture the primary purpose of the whole passage.