Self-study
P1
As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote. █ ██████ ██ ██████
Author's perspective ·
What we view as "cultures" are influenced by human biases and purposes
Present purposes affect the national identities we make from the past.
Example 1 ·
European accounts of Greek civilization ignored African and Eastern roots
This was done to support image of European cultural dominance.
P2
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Example 2 ·
Manufacturing and reinterpreting rituals and traditions
Europeans co-opted traditions of colonized people to portray legitimacy of European power. (Example: Queen Victoria and jamborees of India. The jamborees celebrated her rule, as if her rule was based on traditional custom.)
P3
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Example 3 ·
Colonized cultures also manufacture images about pre-colonial past
During wars of independence from their colonial occupiers, native cultures often create idealized images of what culture was like before colonization. (Example: Algeria.)
P4
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Author's takeaway ·
"Culture" is influenced by many things, including foreign elements
Passage Style
Single position
14.
Which one of the following ██████████ ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████ █████ ██ ███ ████████
a
Either by ignoring █ ██████ █████████ ███ ██████████████████ ██ ██ ████████████ ██████████ ██████████ ███ ████████ ████████ █████████ █████ ███████ ███ █████████████ ████████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ █████████
This is too narrow; the main point isn’t focused on what imperial societies do. In fact, P3 shows that even non-imperial societies create cultural identities based on their own biases and purposes.
b
Attempts to reconstruct █ ███████ ███████████ ███████ ██ ███████ ██ ███████████ █████████ ███ ███████████ ██ █████████ ████ ████████ ████████ ████████ ██ ██████████ ███ ███████ ██ ████████ █████ ██████████
The author never suggests that these attempts are “no different” from the European colonial creation of traditiona and rituals. Although both are examples of cultures being influenced by biases and other purposes, this doesn’t imply that there is no difference at all.
c
In attempting to ██████ █ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ █████████ ████████ █████████ █████ █████████ ████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ████████ ██ ███████████ ██████████ ██ ███████ █████ ████████
The main point isn’t about what imperial societies do. P3 shows that even non-imperial societies create cultural identities based on their own biases and purposes.
d
While most colonized █████████ ████ ████████ █████ █████████████ ████ ██████ █████████ ██ ████████ ███████ ████ ████ ████ ██ ██ █████████ ██ ████ ███ ██ ██████ ███ ██████████ ██ █████ █████
The main point isn’t about what colonized societies need to do to regain traditions of their past.
e
Despite nationalistic creation ██ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ ███████ ███ ███████████ ██ ███ ████ ███████ ██████████ ███ ██████ ██ █████ ████████ ███ ██ ████ ████ ██ ██ █████████████ █████████
This best captures the main point as explained above.