Self-study
Factory manager: Support One reason the automobile parts this factory produces are expensive is that our manufacturing equipment is outdated and inefficient. ███ ████████ █████ ██ ████ █████████████ ██████ ██ ██ ████ ██ █████████ ███ ███████ ██████████ ████ ████ ████ █████████ ██████████ ██████████ █████ ██ ███████ ██ ███████ ██████ ██ ████ ██ ████ ███ ████████ ████ █████████████ ███████ ██ ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ███████ ██ █████ ██ ████████
Summarize Argument
The manager concludes that the company must refurbish the factory to survive. She supports this by saying that to survive, they must make their products more competitively priced and refurbishing the factory would make their products more competitively priced. 
Identify and Describe Flaw
This is both the flaw of confusing sufficiency and necessity and confusing one solution with the only possible solution.
The manager treats “refurbish” as necessary for “competitively priced.” But according to her premises, “refurbish” is merely sufficient.
In other words, refurbishing the factory is one way to make products more competitively priced, but it may not be the only way. By concluding that the factory must be refurbished, the manager overlooks the possibility that there might be other solutions.
8.
The reasoning in the factory █████████ ████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ████ ████████
a
fails to recognize ████ ███ █████ ██ █ ██████████ █████████ ███ ██████ ████ ████
The manager doesn't mention that prices can change over time, but this doesn’t describe a flaw in her argument. Her argument addresses the price of her factory’s automobile parts compared to the price of other factories’ parts. Whether prices change over time is irrelevant.
b
shifts without justification ████ ████████ █████████ ██ ███ ███ ██ █████████ █ ████ ██ ████████ ██ ██ ███ ████ ███ ██ █████████ ████ ████
The manager shifts from treating refurbishing the factory as one way of making products more competitively priced to treating it as the only way. In her premises “refurbishing” is a sufficient solution, while in her conclusion it’s a necessary solution.
c
argues that one █████ ██ ███ █████ ██ ███████ ████ ███ ████████ █████ █████████ ████ ███ ██████ █████ ███ ██ ████ ██ ███ █████ ██ ███ █████
The manager doesn’t make this mistake. Instead, she argues that one thing is necessary for another when her evidence indicates that it is in fact only sufficient.
d
recommends a solution ██ █ ███████ ███████ █████ ███████████ ███ ████████ ██████ ██ ████ ███████
The manager’s argument is actually flawed because it recommends— and even requires— a solution to a problem without first considering other possible solutions to that problem.
e
fails to make █ ████████ ██████████████ ███ ███████ ██████ ████████ ████ ████ ████████ ██████ ██ ██████ █████ ██ █████████
The manager does make a definite recommendation: refurbishing the factory. She also establishes that refurbishing the factory would be effective at making products more competitively priced.