Self-study
Ms. ███████████ █████████ ██████ ██████████ █ ███████ ███████ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████ ████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ ███████████ ██████ █████ █████████ █████ ███ █████████ ██████ ███ ███ ████ ██████ ███ ██ ███ ███████ ██████ ███ █████ ████ ██████████ ████████ ████ ███ ██████ █████ ████ ██████ ██ ██████ ███ ████████ █████
Summary
The author concludes that Ms. Sandstrom should pay for the damage on the farm, because it resulted from her actions and she could have expected that result.
Missing Connection
The conclusion is an assignment of responsibility (payment), but we don’t know anything about what determines that responsibility. Why should Ms. Sandstrom have to pay? For the premises to lead to the conclusion, we need to know that if your actions lead to damage that you could’ve foreseen, then you must pay for that damage.
10.
The argument's conclusion can be ████████ ████████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ████████
a
One should pay ███ ███ ██████ ████ █████ ██████ █████ █████ ██████ ██ █████ ██ ███ █████ ████ ██████████ ████████ ████ ███ ██████ █████ ████ █████ ██████ ██ █████ ███████
From the support, we are allowed to entertain an “if” where Ms. Sandstrom could have reasonably expected the damage that came from her column. Combining this with (A), we can conclude that Ms. Sandstrom should pay for the damage.
b
One should pay ███ ██████ ████ █████ ██████ █████ █████ ██████ ██ █████ ████ ███ █████ ██ ███ ███████ ███ ████████ ████ ███ ██████ █████ ████ █████ ██████ ██ █████ ████ ███████
This is reversing sufficient and necessary. (B) could support a conclusion about having this expectation, or about not being obligated to pay. We need something that supports a conclusion about having an obligation to pay.
c
It is unlikely ████ ███ ██████ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ ██████ ███ ██████ ██ ███ ████████ ████████ █████ ██████████ ███ ███ ███ ██████ ████ ███████
Irrelevant. Others’ willingness to pay doesn’t affect whether Ms. Sandstrom should pay.
d
Ms. Sandstrom knew ████ ███ ██████ █████ ██████ ███████████ ████ █████ ██████ ██ ██████ ██ ███ ████████ █████
If (D) is true, we still don’t know who should pay for the damages. We need to know that this knowledge is what obligates a person to pay.
e
The Mendels believe ████ ███ █████████ ██ ████ ██ ████ ██████████ ████████████ █████ ███ ████████████ ██ ███ ████████
This is not at odds with the argument, but it doesn’ t help us towards our conclusion. We need information about what determines that a person is responsible for paying, so that we can definitively conclude that Ms. Sandstrom should pay.