Self-paced
Psychologist: A study of 436 university students found that Support those who took short naps throughout the day suffered from insomnia more frequently than those who did not. █████████ ██████ ███ ████ ██ ██████████ ███████ ███████ █████ ████ █████████ █████ ████████ ████ ███████ ████████ ████████ ███ ████ ████ ██████ ████ █████████ ██ ██ ██ ████ ██████ ████ ███████ █████ ██ █████ █████████
Summarize Argument: Phenomenon-Hypothesis
The psychologist concludes that napping tends to cause insomnia. This is based on the observation that, on commercial fishing vessels and in a study of university students, people who nap often tend to suffer from insomnia more often.
Identify and Describe Flaw
The psychologist observes a correlation between frequent napping and insomnia, and concludes that napping causes insomnia. This conclusion is flawed because it overlooks the alternative explanation that insomnia (and the resulting sleep deprivation) causes people to take naps more often.
2.
The reasoning in the psychologist's ████████ ██ ████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ███ ████████
a
presumes, without providing ██████████████ ████ ██████████ ████████ ██████ ████ ████████ ████ ██████████ ████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████████
The psychologist doesn’t presume that university students suffer from insomnia more often than members of the general public.
b
presumes that all █████████ ██ ████████ ████ ███ ████ █████
The psychologist doesn’t claim that all instances of insomnia have the same cause, just that napping is one cause of insomnia.
c
fails to provide █ ██████████████ ███████████ ██████████ ███ ███ ████ █████████
It’s not needed for the psychologist to define the term “napping”; the term clearly refers to short periods of sleeping during the day.
d
fails to consider ███ ███████████ ████ ████████ ███████ ███████ ██ ██ ██████ ██████ ████ █ █████ ██ ████████
The psychologist’s argument only considers one possible causal relationship between insomnia and napping—that napping causes insomnia. This fails to consider the alternative causality that insomnia leads to more frequent napping.
e
presumes, without providing ██████████████ ████ █████ ██ ████ █ █████ ██ █ ███████ █████ ███████ ███ ███████ ███████ ██ █ ██████████ ███████ ██████
Whether or not commercial fishers can ever have regular sleep patterns is irrelevant to their role in the argument. What’s important is just that commercial fishers also display a correlation between napping and insomnia.