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passage 4
P1
Calvaria major. ██ █ ████ ███ █████████████ ████ █████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ██████████ █████ ███ ████ ████ ██ ███ █████ █ █████ ██████████ ████ ████ ██████ ███████ █████ █████ █████████ ████ ███
Intro topic / phenomenon ·
Calvaria major (CM)
CM is rare today, but used to be abundant. Found on an island that used to have dodos.
Temple's hypothesis ·
CM declined because of extinction of dodo
Temple's findings ·
Found very few CM trees, all old
The trees produced apparently fertile fruit. Temple thought the fruits couldn't germinate (sprout new CM trees).
P2
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Temple's proposed causal mechanism ·
CM seeds in fruit adapted to dodo
Dodos ate CM fruits. Seeds in fruit became thick to withstand passing through dodos' stomachs. But seeds were so thick they couldn't germinate without passing through dodos' stomachs. When dodos went extinct, seeds couldn't germinate.
P3
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Temple's Support ·
No direct proof, but some supporting findings
"Semblance of rigor" means argument looked rigorous. But, suggests not actually rigorous.
Temple's Support 1 ·
CM seeds could likely survive passing through dodo's stomach
Temple's support 2 ·
Some CM seeds germinated after passing through turkey stomachs
P4
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Critique of Temple's hypothesis ·
Leading specialists challenge Temple
Challenge 1 ·
There are lots of young CM trees
This shows CM seeds have continued to germinate after dodo went extinct. Inconsistent with Temple's hypothesis.
Challenge 2 ·
Enough CM seeds germinate to sustain CM species
Other hypotheses ·
CM decline could be due to disease or introduction of non-native animals
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Phenomenon-hypothesis
22.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████ █████ ██ ███ ████████
a
Calvaria major germination, ██████ █████ ██ ████████ ████████ ██ █████ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████
b
The appeal of ████████ ██████████ ████████████████ ███ ████████ ██ ████████ █████ ██ ████████ ███ ███ ██ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ █████
c
Temple's experimentation with ████████ █████ █████ ██████ ████████████████ ████████ ████████████ ███ ██ █ ████████ ████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ ████████
d
Temple's dramatic but ███████████ ███████████ ██████ █████████ ███████ ██████████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████████████ ██ ████████
e
Calvaria major would ████████ █████ ██ ██████ █████ ████ ██ ███ ████ ███ ███ ██████ ████████