Self-study
Mark: The decongestant drug Zokaz was discontinued by its manufacturer because long-term studies revealed that it increased the risk of heart attack. ████████ ███████ █████████████ █████ ██ ███████████ ███ ████ █████████████ █████████ ██ ██████ ██ ███████ ████████ ████ █████████ ███ ████ ██ █████ ███████
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Summarize Argument: Counter-Position
Kathy concludes that Zokaz and Qualzan probably have different side effects. She supports this by saying that, although they work the same way to relieve congestion, the two drugs are chemically different.
Describe Method of Reasoning
Kathy counters Mark’s argument by pointing out a relevant dissimilarity between that the two things that he’s analogizing. By showing that Zokaz and Qualzan are chemically different, even though they relieve congestion in the same way, Kathy undermines Mark’s conclusion that Qualzan increases the risk of heart attack like Zokaz.
8.
Which one of the following ██ █ █████████ ██ █████████ ████ ██ ███████ ████████ ██ █████
a
using a product's ███████ ██████ ██ ██████ ██ ████████ ████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ █ ██████████ ██████ ███████
Kathy never discusses Qualzan’s safety record. She just notes that it’s chemically different from Zokaz and so it probably has different side effects.
b
attempting to discredit ██ ████████ ██ █████████ ██ ██ ███████ █████████ ██████ ████████ ████ ██ █████████ ████████
Kathy never compares Mark’s argument to a logically parallel argument. Instead, she points out a problem with the comparison that Mark makes in his own argument.
c
arguing against a ██████████ ██ ███████ █████████ █████ ███ ████████ ██ ██████████ ███████ █████ ██ ███████ ██ ████ ██████████
Kathy does argue against Mark’s conclusion, but she doesn’t question the validity of the scientific studies that he cites.
d
attempting to undermine ██ ████████ ██ ███████ ████ ██ ██ ████████████ ████ █ ███████████ █████████ ██ ████████
Kathy never refers to a “fundamental principle of medicine,” nor does she show that Mark’s argument is incompatible with such a principle.
e
challenging an argument ████ ███████ ██ ████████ ██ █ █████████████ ███████ ███ ██████ █████ ████████
Kathy challenges Mark’s argument, which analogizes Qualzan with Zokaz. She points out a relevant dissimilarity between the two drugs, noting that they are chemically different.