Self-study
Passage A.
P1
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Intro topic ·
View that brain is sole cause of behavior has implications for law
Legal perspective and complicating fact ·
Rationality is all that matters
But some people are rational even though they're influence by something they can't control.
Complicating evidence ·
People might think they're rational, but might not be
Their behavior might be caused by things about their brain that they can't control.
Implication ·
Criminal law should focus on deterrence, not retribution
If people can't freely choose their actions, punishing them for choosing immoral acts doesn't make sense. Punishing should be about preventing future harm.
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P2
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Neuroscience perspective ·
Brain causes behavior
This view supports the idea that human action isn't a product of free will.
Other perspective ·
Free will is compatible with determinism
Determinism is the name for the view that human action isn't a product of free will.
P3
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Elaborate on other perspective ·
Difference between free actions and constrained actions.
Free actions are caused by things internal to a human (like will). These actions involved a choice between A or B. Constrained actions, including mental disorders, involve external forces that preclude someone from a choice. The person could only choose A.
P4
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Elaborate on other perspective ·
Source of cause determines free vs. constrained
Internal cause (with the exception of a mental disorder) = free. External cause = constrained.
Author's extension ·
Actions resulting from regular brains are free
Even if those actions results from wills that are "determined" by the brain, they're still free.
Passage Style
17.
Both passages are concerned with █████████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████
a
Should people be ████████ ███ ███████ ████ ███ ███████ ██ █████ ████████
Passage B doesn’t discuss punishment.
b
Does scientific research ████ ███ █████ ████ ████████████ █████████ ███████ ██ ███ █████
We probably get here mainly through process of elimination.
Passage A explores how scientific research into the brain should impact the relationship between free will and punishment – this is what Passage A views as an implication of the research regarding freedom of the will. According to Passage A, because research shows that crimes might not be a product of free will, we should not rely on retribution to justify punishment.
Passage B mentions how neuroscience produces new descriptions of how the physical brain causes behavior, which adds support to the view that all human actions are caused by things outside of free will. So, the author of Passage B does believe research into the brain has implications regarding free will.
c
Can actions that ███ ███ ████ ██ ███████████ ████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ███████████
Passage B doesn’t discuss punishment.
d
Is the view ████ ███████████ ██ █ ██████████ █████████████ ███ ██████████ ██████████ ████ ███ ████████ ██ █████████████
Passage B doesn’t discuss punishment.
e
Can an action ██ ████ ██ ███████ ████ ██████████ ██████ ███ █████ ██ ███████ ███
Passage A doesn’t discuss how physical force on an actor affects whether an action is “free.”