Self-paced
Passage A.
P1
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Augustine's view ·
Don't lie to liars
Author's concession ·
Some truth behind Augustine's view
P2
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General opinion ·
Many think lying to liars feels fair
People think that liars forfeit right to be told the truth.
P3
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Two moral questions ·
(1) Does liar have right to be told truth? (2) Are we more justified in lying to a liar?
P4
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Author's view ·
Liar forfeits right to truth, but we shouldn't automatically lie to him
We need to consider potential harm to ourselves and society when considering whether to lie to him.
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P5
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View derived from Kant ·
Acting toward someone as they have acted toward others treats that person as a rational being
P6
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Potential implication ·
Some might think we have a duty to act toward someone as they have acted to others
Author's view ·
Not a duty; but we're authorized to act toward someone as they have acted toward others
If a rational person does something to another person, he authorizes others to do the same to him.
Passage Style
19.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████████ ███ ██████████ ███████ ███ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ██
a
In passage A, ███ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ██ █ █████ ██████ ███████ ██ ███████ █ ███ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ██ █ █████ ██████
Author A never suggests that she’s talking about legal rights. She’s talking purely about ideas of fairness, which suggests she’s referring to moral rights here.
b
In passage A, ███ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ████████ ████████ ███████ ██ ████████ ███████ ██ ███████ █ ███ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ████████ ████████ ███████ ██ ██ ██████████ ██ █ ████████ ██ ██████████
The rights referred to in passage A are all about what kind of treatment an individual can expect from others generally, so perhaps we can say that these benefits (not to be interfered with and to be dealt with honestly) are granted by society as a whole. But the right referred to in passage B doesn’t really involve “benefits” (it’s strange to call the right to repay immoral acts in kind a “benefit”) and it doesn’t depend on anyone in a position of authority (to the contrary, it’s a right we all naturally have if we assume people are rational beings).
c
In passage A, ███ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ██ ██ ███████████ ████ ██ ██████ ██ ███████ ███████ ██ ███████ █ ███ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ██ ██ ███████████ ████ ████ ██ ████████████
The kind of right referred to in passage A isn’t only held by groups of people. Author A talks about the right “not to be interfered with” and the right “to be dealt with honestly.” She doesn’t suggest that one has to be part of some group in order to gain these rights. She just says that certain individuals—bullies and liars—forfeit those rights.
d
In passage A, ███ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ██ █████████ ████ ██████ ██ █████ ███ ███████ ██ ███████ █ ███ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ██ █████████ ████ ███ ██ ████ ███████ ██ ███████ ████████
To the contrary, author A says that the kind of right she’s referring to can be given up (”forfeited”). This is enough to eliminate (D). But this is also an inaccurate description of the right referred to in passage B. Author B doesn’t discuss if, or how, the right he’s talking about can be lost.
e
In passage A, ███ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ████████ ████████ ████ ███ ██ ████████ ██ ████ ███████ ███████ ██ ███████ █ ███ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ████████ ████████ ████ ███ ██ ████████ ██ ██████ ███
Author A is talking about the right to “not be interfered with” and the right to “be dealt with honestly.” Both these rights lay out how you’re entitled to be dealt with by other people. Author B, meanwhile, is talking about the right “