Self-study
P1
Before contact with Europeans, the Haudenosaune, a group of nations in northeastern North America also known as the Iroquois, had been developing a form of communication, primarily for political purposes, that used wampum, a bead carved from seashell. ███
Intro topic ·
Wampum was a form of communication among Haudenosaune
Wampum = bead carved from seashell; Haudenosaune = group of Native American nations in North America also called Iroquois
Traditional perspective ·
Wampum was primarily form of money
Author's perspective ·
Wampum eventually was used as money between Europeans and Native Americans, but it was more important for communication of sociopolitical messages
P2
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Earlier forms of Wampum ·
Used for communication with deities or simple political messages
Two colors: white and deep purple. Two forms: loose beads or string of beads.
P3
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Haudenosaune Confederacy and influence on Wampum ·
Formation of confederacy led to deliberate use of Wampum for primarily political purposes
Wampum belts ·
Combined string wampum to make icons that communicated messages
Example uses: encoded provisions of Haudenosaune Confederacy's constitution; recorded, stored, and made public record of government business.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Spotlight
19.
It can be inferred from ███ ███████ ████ ███ ██████ █████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ █████ ████ █████ ███ ██ ███ ██████████
a
There is evidence ████ ███████ ███████ ██ ██████ ████ ████ ███ ████████ ██████████████ ██ █████ ███████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ █████████████
We have no evidence anyone besides the Haudenosaune used objects similar to wampum for symbolic meaning.
b
The Europeans who █████ ████ ██ ███████ ████ ███ ████████████ ████████ ██ █████ ██████ ██ █ ████ ██ ████████ ██ █████ ██ █████ █████████ ██ ███ ████ █████████████
We have no evidence the Europeans were aware of the true significance of wampum. In fact, we’re told they “
c
There is evidence ████ █████████ ███ ████ ██ ███████ ████ ███ ████████████ ███████ ████ █████████████ ████████████ ████ ██ ███████
We have no evidence Europeans used wampum in any of the long-standing ways wampum was used. They did use it as a medium of exchange, but this was not a then long-standing use.
d
A long-term peaceful ███████████ █████ ███ ██████ ████ ██████ ███ ████████████ ███████████ ███ ██ █████████ ████████████ ███ ███ ███ ██ ██████ ██ █ █████ ██ ██████████████
We have no evidence that peace among the nations that formed the Confederacy was required before wampum could be used for communication. In fact, we have evidence that wampum was used to communicate
e
Present day interpretations ██ ███ ████████████ ██ ████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ██ ██████ █████ ███ ███ ███████████