Self-study
P1
Before contact with Europeans, the Haudenosaune, a group of nations in northeastern North America also known as the Iroquois, had been developing a form of communication, primarily for political purposes, that used wampum, a bead carved from seashell. ███
Intro topic ·
Wampum was a form of communication among Haudenosaune
Wampum = bead carved from seashell; Haudenosaune = group of Native American nations in North America also called Iroquois
Traditional perspective ·
Wampum was primarily form of money
Author's perspective ·
Wampum eventually was used as money between Europeans and Native Americans, but it was more important for communication of sociopolitical messages
P2
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Earlier forms of Wampum ·
Used for communication with deities or simple political messages
Two colors: white and deep purple. Two forms: loose beads or string of beads.
P3
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Haudenosaune Confederacy and influence on Wampum ·
Formation of confederacy led to deliberate use of Wampum for primarily political purposes
Wampum belts ·
Combined string wampum to make icons that communicated messages
Example uses: encoded provisions of Haudenosaune Confederacy's constitution; recorded, stored, and made public record of government business.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Spotlight
14.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████ █████ ██ ███ ████████
a
The Haudenosaune's use ██ ██████ ██████████ ████ ████████████ ██ ███████ ██ █████ ████ █████████ █████████████ ███ ███ ████ ███ █████████████ ███████ ███████ ███ ██ ████ ███████ ████ ██ ██████ █████████ ███ ████████████ ██ █████████ █████████
Wampum were not originally “strings of beads.”
b
For the Haudenosaune, ██████ ███ ███ ██████████ █████ ██ █ ████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ██ ████████ ████ ██ █████████████ █████ ███████ ███ ███ ██ ██████ ███ ████████ ████████ ███████████ ███ ████ ██████████ ███████ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████████ █████████████ █████████████
This is the best answer. It captures the idea that wampum developed from objects with religious significance into a method for conveying sociopolitical messages. ((A) is very close, but definitively wrong because it mixes up string wampum with the earlier form of wampum.)
c
Wampum's significance for ███ █████████████████ █ ████ ██ █████████████ ███████ █████ ██████████ ████ ███ ████ ███ ███ ███████ ██ ███████████ ██████ ███ █████████████████ ███████ ███████ ████████ ███████ ██ ████ ██ ██████ ███████████ █ ██████ ██ ██████████ █████████
The main point isn’t about wampum changing to become exclusively a medium of commercial exchange. It’s about the wampum’s development into a method of communicating sociopolitical messages. In addition, there’s no evidence that wampum ever became “exclusively” (only) a medium of commercial exchange.
d
There is substantial ████████ ████ ███ ██████████████ ███ ██ ██████ ██ █ ██████ ██ █████████████ █████ ██ █████ ████████████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████ ███████████ ███ █████████████ ██ ███ ████████████ ████████████
There’s no evidence that wampum’s use for communication originated in the events surrounding the Haudenosaune Confederacy. Wampum were
e
Because of the ████ ██████ ██ ██████ ██ █████████ ███████ ███ ████████████ ███ ██████████ ████ ██████████ ████ ██████████ ███ █████████████ ████ ████ ████ ████████████ ██████ ██ ████████████ ███████ █████ ██ ███████ ████ ██████████
The main point isn’t focused on why historians have overlooked the communicative role played by wampum. The main point is about the wampum’s development into a method of communicating sociopolitical messages. (E) places too much emphasis on historians’ view and why historians had that view.