Self-study
A person who knowingly brings about misfortune should be blamed for it. ████████ ██ ████ █████ █ ██████ ███ ███████████ ██████ █████ ██████████ ██████ ███ ██ ██████ ███ ███ ███ ████████ █ ██████ ██████ █████ ██ ██████ ███ ███████████ ████████ █████ ██████████ ██ ███ ██████ █████ ███ ██████████ ████ ████████ ███
Summary
If you knowingly bring about misfortune → should be blamed for it
If you unknowingly bring about misfortune and you could not have reasonably foreseen that misfortune → should not be blamed for it
Find or Complete the Application
The correct answer will involve either:
A conclusion that someone should be blamed for a misfortune because they knowingly brought it about
OR
A conclusion that someone should NOT be blamed for a misfortune because they didn’t knowingly bring it about AND they could not have reasonably foreseen it
11.
The principles above, if valid, ████ ████ ██ ███████ ███ █████████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ███ ██████████
a
Although he would ████ ████████ ██ ██ ██ ███ ███████ █████ ███ ██ ███ ███ █████ ██ █████ ████ ███████ ███ ███ ██ ███ ██████ ████ ██ ████ ██████ █████ ████ ██ █ ███████ █████████ ███ ██ █ ███████ ████████ ████ ██████ ████ ███████ ███████ ███ ███ ██ ███ ██████ ████ ██ ████ ███████ ██ ██████ ███ ██ ██████ ███ ███
Riley could reasonably have foreseen the misfortune. So we can’t conclude that he should not be blamed for it.
b
Oblicek had no ████ ████ ██████████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ██ ████ ███ █ ████ ██ ██████ ███ ████████ ███ ██████ ██ █████ ███ ████████ ██ ██ █████████ ███ █████ ███ ████ ██████████ ████████ █████ ███ ██ ███ ████ ████ █████ ███ █████████ ████████ ██ ██ █████████ ███████ ██████ ███ ██ ██████ ███ ███
If the loan causes misfortune, Oblicek didn’t knowingly bring that misfortune about and could not have reasonably foreseen it. So, based on the principle, we can conclude that Oblicek shouldn’t be blamed for it.
c
Gougon had no ██████ ██ █████ ████ ███████ ███ ███████████ █████ █████ ████ ███ ██████ ████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ████ ██ ██████ █████ ██ ███ ███████████ █████ ████ ████ ████████ ██████ ████ ██████ ██████ ██ ██████ ███ ███
This doesn’t establish that Gougon knowingly caused misfortune. He was concerned that misfortune might result, but that doesn’t mean he knowingly caused misfortune.
d
When Dr. Fitzpatrick ████ ███ ███████ ███ █████ █████████ ██ ███ ███ ████ ████ ██ █████ █████ ███ ███████ ██ ██████████ ███████ █████████ █████ █████████ ███ ██ ██ ███ ████ █████████ ███ ████████ ████ ███████████ ██ ███ █████████ ████████ ██ █████ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ████ ███ ███████████ ██ ██ █████ ███ ███
We can’t conclude that no one else is to blame because we don’t know whether other people could have reasonably foreseen the misfortune or played a role in causing it. Also, we can’t conclude that Fitzpatrick is to blame because he didn’t knowingly bring about misfortune.
e
Any reasonable person █████ ████ ████████ ████ ████████ █ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ██████ █████ █████ █ █████ █████ ████ ██ ████ ███ ███ ███████ █████ ███ ██ ██ █████ ███ ████████ █ ████ ██ ███████████ ████ █████ ███ ███████ █ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██████
We can’t conclude that Kapp is to blame because we don’t know that she knowingly caused the fire.