Self-study
P1
The success of modern physics has consisted primarily in the analysis of physical reality into its fundamental components. ███ ███████ ███████ ████ ██████████ ███ █████ ██ ████████ ██ █ ███████ ██ ███████████ ███ ███████████ ████ █ ██████ █████ █████ ██ ███████ ██ ████████████ ███████████ ████████████ ███ ██████████ ███ █████████ █████████ ████ ███ █████ ███████ ███ █████ ███████████████ ████ ████ ███ ██ █████ ███████ ████████████ ████ ██ ███ █████ ████ ██████████ ██ ████ ██ ██████████ ██ █████ ███ ███████ ███ ████████ ██ ███████████ ███████ ████ █████████████ ██ █████ ███████ ████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ███ █████████ ███ ████████████ ██ ███ ███ █████████ █████████ ██ ████ █ ███████████ ███████ ██ █████████ █████ ███████ ███ ████████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ███ ███ ███████████ ████ ████ ███ ███████
“Theory of everything” ·
Doesn’t predict behavior of complicated systems
Predicting this behavior requires knowing locations and trajectories of all particles into the future.
P2
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Problem of prediction ·
More difficult in chaotic systems
Description of chaotic systems ·
Nonlinear rather than linear
In nonlinear systems, a minor difference at beginning of process results in large difference at the end. Example: water faucet opened wide.
P3
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Partly chaotic systems ·
Partly linear and partly chaotic
Potential explanation for partly chaotic behavior ·
Complexity theory
Potential application to living things ·
Complexity theory might help explain aspects of living things
Example: Cells involve both linearity and chaos.
Passage Style
Problem-analysis
22.
In the passage, the author ██ █████████ █████████ ████ █████ █████ ███ ██ ███ ██████████
a
introducing a scientific ██████ ████ ███ █████████ ██ ███████ ████ █████ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ███████ ███████
This best captures the author's purpose. The author
b
delineating contradictory assumptions ██ ██████ ███████ ██████████ ███ ████████ ██ ███████ ███████
This doesn't capture the author's discussion of complexity theory. It's also not clear that there are contradictory assumptions underlying certain systems. The author describes partly chaotic systems, which involve some elements of linearity, but this doesn't imply that there's anything contradictory about this systems.
c
reconciling two divergent ████████ ██████████ ███ ████████ ██ ███████ ███████
The author doesn't reconcile two divergent theories. The only two theories mentioned are the "theory of everything" and complexity theory. The author criticizes the first and describes the potential for complexity theory to explain partly chaotic systems.
d
arguing for the █████████████ ██ ████ █████████ █ ████████████ ███████████ ██ ███████ ███████
This doesn't capture the author's discussion of complexity theory. Although the author does criticize the "theory of everything" in the first paragraph, the rest of the passage focuses on chaotic and partly chaotic systems, as well as the potential for complexity theory to explain partly chaotic systems.
e
demonstrating the need ██ ███████ ███████████ ████████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ███████████ ██████████ ██ ████████ ███████
This doesn't capture the author's discussion of complexity theory. Although the author does criticize the "theory of everything" in the first paragraph, the rest of the passage focuses on chaotic and partly chaotic systems, as well as the potential for complexity theory to explain partly chaotic systems.