Self-study
Support In many languages other than English there is a word for “mother’s brother” which is different from the word for “father’s brother,” whereas English uses the word “uncle” for both. █████ ████████ ██ █████ █████████ ████████ █ ████ ██████ █████████████ ███████ ██████ ████ ███████ ████████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ █████ █████ ███ ██████ ████ ██████ ██████ ████ ████████ ██ █████████ ██████████ ████████ ██ █████████ ████ ████ █████ █████ █████ ███ ██████ ████ ███████ ███ ████ ██ ████████████ ██████ ██ ███████████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ ███████ ███ ████████████
Argument Breakdown
The author concludes that people whose languages have fewer words for colors than does English must be less able to perceive different colors than are English-speakers. Why would this be the case? Because different languages have different numbers of words for colours. And in another situation where languages have different numbers of words—regarding kinship relationships—speakers of languages with more words pay more attention to the details of those relationships.
Fundamentally, the author is making a phenomenon-hypothesis argument: that the observed phenomenon of languages having different numbers of color words can be explained by the hypothesis that speakers of those languages are differently-able to distinguish colors. However, the argument's structure is complicated a little by the type of support the author uses. As evidence for this hypothesis, the author relies on an analogy between color words and kinship words, saying that because having more kinship words is attributable to a better perception of kinship, having more color words must also be attributable to a better perception of colors.
Objective: Identify a Sufficient Assumption
We've already weakened this argument, and now we have to do the opposite: find a sufficient assumption that will guarantee the argument's validity. The argument's issue is that it assumes a direct relationship between basic words for colors and color perception without ever directly showing that speakers of different languages perceive different colors. So we want a sufficient assumption to guarantee this assumption is true and therefore guarantee the conclusion.
Analysis by AlexandraNash
13.
The conclusion concerning words for ██████ █████ ██ ████████ █████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ████ ████████
a
Most languages have ████████ █████ ███ ████████████ ███ ██████████████
b
Each language has █ █████████ █████ ████ ███ ████ ███████ ███████ ████ ███ ████████ ███ ████████████ ████████████
c
Every language makes ████ ████████ ████████████ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██████
d
In any language ██████ ██████████ ████ █████ ███████ ██████████ ████ ███ █████████ ███ ███ ████████ ██ ███████████ ████████████ ████ ████ ██████
e
Speakers of languages ████ ██████████ ███ █████ █████ ███ ██████ ████ ██ ████████████ ███████ █████ █████ ███ █████ ██ ███ ████ ███████ ██ ██████