Self-study
Biologist: Some computer scientists imagine that all that is required for making an artificial intelligence is to create a computer program that encapsulates the information contained in the human genome. ████ ███ █████████ ███ █████████ ██ ███ █████ █████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ ████████████ ██ ████████ █████ ██████████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ █████ ███████
Summary
A computer program that uses all of the information in the human genome is not enough to create AI. The biologist’s support is complex: For AI, we need to have information about interactions of proteins, whose structural information is in the human genome.
Notable Assumptions
Frankly, the assumption is difficult to see. Realistically, you may need to go into the answer choices and rely on negation until you find the negated answer choice that ruins the argument.
You may read this and think, “So, the biologist is saying that some scientists are wrong, as in, we can’t use X by itself because we need Y. But Y is already found in X, so I don’t understand why the biologist has a problem.” The issue is, the biologist actually didn’t say that Y is found in X. We don’t know that protein-interaction information is found in the human genome. That is the assumption.
24.
Which one of the following ██ ██ ██████████ ████████ ██ ███ █████████████ █████████
a
The functions of ███ █████ █████ ███ ████████ ██ █████████ ████ ██████ ██ █████████ ██ █ █████████
(A) is essentially saying that AI is impossible to achieve. That isn’t what the biologist is saying, though. The biologist is just saying that one particular route (computer program with human genome info) is not enough on its own to make AI.
b
The interactions of ███ ████████ ████ ██████ ███ █████████ ██ ███ █████ █████ ███ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ ███████████ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ███████
If negated, then we can find what we need within the human genome, and the argument fails. (B) fills a gap that is initially difficult to see: We know that we have structural info of these proteins, but we don’t know whether we have info on the interactions between proteins.
c
The only way ██ ██████ ██ ██████████ ████████████ ██ ██ █████ ██ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ██████
Too strong. It isn’t necessary that there be only one way to make AI. The argument is only saying that one particular route is not enough, on its own, to make AI. If there are multiple paths to AI, the conclusion could still be true.
d
The amount of ███████████ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ██████ ██ ███ █████ ██ ██ ██████ ████████████ ██ █ ████████ ████████
Difficulty level is irrelevant. Whether doing this is easily done or not, the argument is unaffected.
e
It is much ████ █████████ ██ █████ █ ███████ ████ ████████████ ███ ████████████ ██ ████████ ████ ██ █████ █ ███████ ████ ████████████ ███ ███████████ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ███████
Like (D), difficulty level doesn’t matter. Either one could be more difficult, or they could be of equal ease, and it won’t affect the argument.