Self-study
P1
The government of Mali passed a law against excavating and exporting the wonderful terra-cotta sculptures from the old city of Djenne-jeno, but it could not enforce it. ███ ██ █████████ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ████ █████████ ██ ██████████████ ████████████ ███ ██████ ███ ████ ████ ████ ███████████ ███████████ ██████████ ████ █████████ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ███ ████ ██ ███████ ██████████ ███ ███████ ███████ █████ ███████ █████ █████ ████ ███████ ████ ██ ████ ██ █████ ████ ████ ██ ████ █████ ████ ██████████████ ████ ██ █████ ████ ███████ ███ ███ █████ ████ █████████ ██ ███████ █████████████████ ███ █████ ██ ██████
Problem ·
Malian artifacts looted
Mali government outlawed excavating and exporting artifacts. Couldn't enforce the laws. Looting and selling on the black market. Loss of archaeological knowledge.
P2
██ ███ ████ ███████ ██ ███████ ████ ██████████ ████ ███████ █ ██████ ██ ████████████ ████ ██████ ███ █████ █████████████ ███████ █ ██████████ ████████ ███ ███████ ██████████ ███ █████████ ██ ████ █████ ██ ████████ ████████ ████ ███████ ███████████ ███████████ ███ ████████ ████████ ████ ████████ █████████ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ████████ ███ ██ ██████████ █████████ ██ ████ ████████ ████ █████ ████ █████ ████████ ████████████ ████ ██ ██ █████████ ███ ████████ ███████████ ████████ █ ██████ ██ █████████ ████ ████████████ ███ ██████ ████████ ██ █████████ ███ ███████████ ████ █████████ ██████ █████ ███████ ██ ██ █████ ████████ ████ ██████ ██ ██████ █████████
Potential Solution ·
UNESCO declares these artifacts as "cultural property"
The artifacts are property of the culture (as opposed to private property). Many countries strengthened UNESCO doctrine by prohibiting export of "cultural property."
P3
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Application to Mali ·
It would seem that these artifacts are protected by UNESCO doctrine
Problem with UNESCO Doctrine ·
Disincentivizes good record keeping
Because records are evidence of illegal black market activities.
P4
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Alternative Solution ·
Legalize, regulate, and tax
Mali could have legalized and regulated excavation and taxed export. This would have been a better solution.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Problem-analysis
10.
The author of the passage █████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ █████ ████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████ █████ ███████
a
It can play ██ █████████ ████ ██ ████████ ██████ ████ █████ ████ ███ █████████████ █████ ██ ████████ ██████████
This is
Also, in general, P2 explains how the UNESCO doctrine has emerged to
b
Its stance on ████████ █████████ ███████ ███ ███ ████ ████ ██ ████████ ██ ██████ ████ ██ ███████████ ██████████ ████ ████████████
Unsupported. We don’t know where the UNESCO doctrine came from; we can’t infer that UNESCO developed its stance on cultural artifacts specifically in response to the issues in Mali.
c
It is more █████████ ████ ███████████ ████ ███████ ██████████ ██████ ████ ███████████ ████ ███████ ███████ ███████
Unsupported. The passage does not compare UNESCO initiatives that involve just one state with those that involve several states, so we can’t support this kind of comparative claim.
d
It pays too ██████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ █████████ ████ █████
Unsupported. The passage doesn’t indicate the extent to which UNESCO pays attention to Mali, nor does the author suggest that UNESCO pays too little attention to countries like Mali.
e
Its effectiveness in ████████ ███ ████ ██ ████████ █████████ ███ ████ ████████ ██ ██████████ ████████
Unsupported. The passage doesn’t mention UNESCO’s funding, so we can’t infer that inadequate funding has hampered UNESCO’s effectiveness.