Self-study
P1
The government of Mali passed a law against excavating and exporting the wonderful terra-cotta sculptures from the old city of Djenne-jeno, but it could not enforce it. ███ ██ █████████ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ████ █████████ ██ ██████████████ ████████████ ███ ██████ ███ ████ ████ ████ ███████████ ███████████ ██████████ ████ █████████ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ███ ████ ██ ███████ ██████████ ███ ███████ ███████ █████ ███████ █████ █████ ████ ███████ ████ ██ ████ ██ █████ ████ ████ ██ ████ █████ ████ ██████████████ ████ ██ █████ ████ ███████ ███ ███ █████ ████ █████████ ██ ███████ █████████████████ ███ █████ ██ ██████
Problem ·
Malian artifacts looted
Mali government outlawed excavating and exporting artifacts. Couldn't enforce the laws. Looting and selling on the black market. Loss of archaeological knowledge.
P2
██ ███ ████ ███████ ██ ███████ ████ ██████████ ████ ███████ █ ██████ ██ ████████████ ████ ██████ ███ █████ █████████████ ███████ █ ██████████ ████████ ███ ███████ ██████████ ███ █████████ ██ ████ █████ ██ ████████ ████████ ████ ███████ ███████████ ███████████ ███ ████████ ████████ ████ ████████ █████████ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ████████ ███ ██ ██████████ █████████ ██ ████ ████████ ████ █████ ████ █████ ████████ ████████████ ████ ██ ██ █████████ ███ ████████ ███████████ ████████ █ ██████ ██ █████████ ████ ████████████ ███ ██████ ████████ ██ █████████ ███ ███████████ ████ █████████ ██████ █████ ███████ ██ ██ █████ ████████ ████ ██████ ██ ██████ █████████
Potential Solution ·
UNESCO declares these artifacts as "cultural property"
The artifacts are property of the culture (as opposed to private property). Many countries strengthened UNESCO doctrine by prohibiting export of "cultural property."
P3
████████████ ██ █████ ██████████ ████ ███ ██████████ ██ █████ ██████ █████ ███████ ███ ███████████ ███████████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ███ ██ ████████ ██████████ ███████████ ███ ██ ██████ █████ ███ ███████ ██████ ███ ███
Application to Mali ·
It would seem that these artifacts are protected by UNESCO doctrine
Problem with UNESCO Doctrine ·
Disincentivizes good record keeping
Because records are evidence of illegal black market activities.
P4
███████ ████ ████ ███ ██████████ ████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ██████ ██ ████████ ███ ███████████ ██ ███ ███████████ ███████████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ███████████ ███ █████████ ██████ ██ █████████ ████ ████ █████████ ████ ███████ █████ ████ ████ ███ ███████ █████████ ████ ███ █████ ████ ████████ ███████ ██ █████████ ███████ ████ ███ ████████ ████ ███████ ██ ████████ ███ ██████████ ██████ ███████ ███ ██████████ █████
Alternative Solution ·
Legalize, regulate, and tax
Mali could have legalized and regulated excavation and taxed export. This would have been a better solution.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Problem-analysis
11.
The author of the passage █████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ █████ ████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████ █████ ███████████ █████████ ███ █████ ██ ████████ ███████████ ██ █████████ ████ █████
a
Such regulations must ██ ████████ ██ ██████████████ ██████ █████ ████████
Unsupported. The author never indicates that approval from archaeologists is necessary for these regulations.
b
Such regulations must ████ ██ █████ ████ ██████████ ███ ██████ ██ ████████ ███████████ ████ ██████████ ██████ ██ █████ ██████████
Unsupported. The author never indicates that the necessary goal of these regulations must be to maximize the number of cultural antiquities that remain in the country.
c
Such regulations can ██ ██████████ ████ ██ ███ ███ ██████ ████████ ██████ ████ █████
This is
d
Such regulations must ██ ███████████ ██ ████ ██████ ███████████ ███ ██████████
The author never mentions strict punishments for those who violate regulations, so we can’t infer that the author would agree with this.
e
Such regulations are ████ █████████ ████ ████ ███ ████ ██████ ███ ██████ ███████████
The author never indicates how simple these regulations should be, so we can’t infer that the author would agree with this.