Self-study
Editorial: Support Teenagers tend to wake up around 8:00 A.M., the time when they stop releasing melatonin, and are sleepy if made to wake up earlier. █████ ██████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ████████ ███ █████████ █████████ █████████ ███████ ██ ██████ █████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ ███ █████ █████ ████ ████ ████ ███████ ████ ███ ████████ ███ ███████████ ████ ██████ ███ ███████ ██ ████ ██████ █████ ██ ████ ████ ██████ ████ ████████ ███ ███████ ██████ ██ ███ █████████ █████████ ███████ ███████ ██ █████████ █████████
Summarize Argument: Phenomenon-Hypothesis
The author concludes that car accidents involving teenagers driving to school could be reduced if the school day began later than 8am. This is based on the fact that teenagers tend to be sleepy if they wake up before 8am, and sleepiness can impair driving ability. In addition, when the Granville school’s schedule was changed to begin at 8:30am, the number of car accidents involving teenage drivers in Granville declined.
Notable Assumptions
The author assumes that Granville’s schedule change was the cause of the decrease in car accidents involving teenage drivers in Granville. The author also assumes that there wouldn’t be any effects of a later school start that might tend to increase the number of car accidents involving teenagers.
23.
Which one of the following, ██ █████ ████████ ███ ████ ███████ ███ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ██████████
a
Teenagers start releasing █████████ █████ ██ █████ ███ ████ █████████ ██ █████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ██ █████ █████████
A comparison to young children has no clear impact. The argument concerns teenagers and is based on statistics concerning Granville’s high school. What children have to do with this statistic or the argument is unclear.
b
Sleepy teenagers are █████ ███ ██████ ████ ██████████ ████ █████████ ███ ███ ████ ██████ ████ ███ ██████ ███ ███████
Tardiness has no clear impact on whether starting the school day later can reduce the number of accidents involving teenagers. Whether teens become more or less tardy after the change doesn’t affect accident rates.
c
Teenagers who work ██ ████ ██████ ███ ███ █████ ████ ████ ███████ ████ ██ █████████ ███ ██████ ████ ██████ ██████ ███ ████
The argument concerns accidents involving teenagers driving to school and whether this can be reduced by having school start later. Some teenagers might not go to school in the day; they wouldn’t be affected by the later school start.
d
Many of the ███ █████████ █████████ ███████ ███████ ██ █████████ ████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████ ████ ██ ███ ████████
We still know that after the Granville school’s start time was changed, the overall number of car accidents involving teenage drivers declined. Maybe some of the decrease relates to the evening; the rest could relate to the morning.
e
Car accidents involving ███████ ███████ ████ ██ ███ ██████ ███████████ █████████ ██████ ███ ████ ████ ████████ ██ ██████████
This strengthens by eliminating the possibility that the decreased accidents in Granville were simply the result of a region-wide trend unconnected to the change in school start time.
Plausibility
Plausibility
Presenting evidence that corroborates (in Strengthen) or conflicts (in Weaken) with the author's hypothesized explanation or the predictions that follow from that explanation.