Self-study
Support The older a country is, the more likely it is to be ruled by a monarch. █████ █████ ████ █████████ ███ ███ █████ ██ █████████ ██ █ ███████ ██ ████████████ ███ ██ ██ ████████ ███ █████ ██ █ ████████
Method of Reasoning
The argument establishes a positive correlation/biconditional (the older a country is, the higher probability that it’s a monarchy and vice versa), and then establishes a set relationship (most countries are not monarchies). The author concludes that if one part of the positive correlation is not occurring (country is not old), then the other part of the correlation (monarchy) is probably not occurring either. 
26.
The pattern of reasoning in ███ ████████ █████ ██ ████ ███████ ██ ████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████
a
Most novels are ███ ████ ████ ███████ ████████ ███ ████ ███████ █ █████ ███ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ██ ██ ██ ████ ████ █ ██████ █████ ██ █ █████ ██ █████ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████ ███ █████ ██ █ ██████
Mismatched conclusion. This argument matches the stimulus’ premises, but it switches to a conclusion about the likelihood of a movie being based on a novel, whereas the premises in (A) are about the likelihood of a novel being made into a movie. The stimulus’ support discusses the likelihood of a country being a monarchy, and then continues with this relationship into the conclusion—it does not switch, but (A) does.
b
Most novels are ███ ████ ████ ███████ ████████ ███ ████ ███████ █ █████ ███ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ██ ████ ███ █████ ███ █████ ██ █ ██████ █████ ██ █ █████ ██ ████████████ ████████ ██ ████ ████████ ██ ████ ████ █ ██████
Mismatched premises and conclusion.
(B) switches from a premise about the likelihood of a movie being X to a premise about the likelihood of a novel being X. The stimulus remains consistent in its premises (the likelihood of a country being X).
(B) concludes that if a variable loosely involved in a positive correlation is occurring (popularity, but it should be popularity of a movie), then something else will probably occur (made into movie). The stimulus concludes that if one part in a positive correlation is not occurring, then the other part of the correlation is probably not occurring.
c
Most novels are ███ ████ ████ ███████ █████████ ██ █ █████ ██ ████████████ ██████████ ██ ████ ████████ ███ ██ ████ ████ █ ██████ █████ ███ ████ ███████ █ █████ ███ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ██ ██ ██ ████ ████ █ ██████
Mismatched premises and conclusion. The conclusion of (C) is just a restatement of one of the premises (lower popularity, less likelihood of being a movie) in the positive form (more popularity, more likelihood of being a movie). The stimulus concludes that if something involved in a positive correlation (old age of country) is not occurring, then the other part of that correlation (monarchy) is probably not occurring.
d
Most novels are ███ ████ ████ ███████ ████████ ███ ████ ███████ █ █████ ███ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ██ ██ ██ ████ ████ █ ██████ █████ ██ █ █████ ██ █████ ██████████ ██ ████ ████████ ███ ██ ████ ████ █ ██████
The argument establishes a positive correlation/biconditional (the more popular a novel is, the more likely it is to be a movie and vice versa), and establishes a set relationship (most novels are not made into movies). The author concludes that if one part of the positive correlation is not occurring (novel unpopular), then the other part of the correlation (made into movie) is probably not occurring either.
e
Most novels are ███ ████ ████ ███████ █████████ ███ ████ ███████ █ ███████ █████ ███ ████ ██████ ███ █████ ██ ██ ██ ████ ████ █ ██████ █████ ██ █ █████ ███ █ ████████████ ██████ █████ ██ ████ ████████ ██ ████ ████ █ ██████
Mismatched conclusion. The stimulus concludes that if something involved in a positive correlation (old age of country) is not occurring, then the other part of that correlation (monarchy) is probably not occurring. (E) employs the first part correctly (complexity is not occurring), but then concludes that the other part of the correlation probably will occur (made into movie)