Self-study
Support Science cannot adequately explain emotional phenomena such as feeling frustrated, falling in love, or being moved by a painting. █████ ████ ██████ ██ █████████ ██ ████████ ██████████ ██ ████████████████ █████ ████████ ████ ███ ██ ████████ ██████████
Summary
The author concludes that human emotions are not physical phenomena. Why? Because science, including physics, chemistry, and neurophysiology, can’t adequately explain emotions.
Missing Connection
Does the fact emotions can’t be explained by science prove that emotions are not physical? Not necessarily; we don’t know what’s required to be considered a physical phenomenon. To make the argument valid, we want to prove that if something can’t be explained by science, then it’s not a physical phenomenon. Or in other words, in order to be a physical phenomenon, it must be explainable by science.
13.
The conclusion follows logically if █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ████████
a
Whatever is not █ ████████ ██████████ ██████ ██ █████████ ██ ████████
(A) tells us that if something isn’t physical, then it can’t be explained by science. This is the reversed form of what we’re looking for. We want to know that if something can’t be explained by science, then it’s not physical.
b
Nothing that can ██ ████ ██ ████ ███ ███████ ███ ██ ███████ ███████████████
(B) doesn’t establish anything about what’s not considered physical. Since neither this answer nor the premises establish what’s not considered physical, it can’t make the argument valid.
c
Physics, chemistry, and ███████████████ ████ ███████ ███████████ ███████████
(C) doesn’t establish anything about what’s not considered physical. Since neither this answer nor the premises establish what’s not considered physical, it can’t make the argument valid.
d
Whatever is not █ ████████ ██████████ ██ ██ █████████ ████
(D) says that if something is not physical, then it’s emotional. But we’re trying to reach the conclusion that something is not physical. Learning what happens IF we start off knowing that something is not physical doesn’t make the argument valid.
e
Every physical phenomenon ███ ██ █████████ ██ ████████ ██████████ ██ ████████████████
(E) establishes that to be physical, something must be explainable by physics/chemistry/neurophysiology. We know from a premise that emotions can’t be explained by physics/chemistry/neurophysiology. So emotions aren’t physical.