Self-study
This passage is based on an article written in 1995.
P1
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Intro topic ·
Dowsing
Detecting resources or object underground by using simple handheld tools. Example: trying to find water underground by using a forked tree branch. The branch purportedly changes direction based on presence of water.
P2
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Skeptics' perspective ·
Dowsing is ineffective
Dowsers are making subconscious determinations about water location based on surface conditions. Branch movement reflects dowser's thoughts; nothing about the branch actually helps detect water.
Concession and skeptics' response ·
Studies show some dowsers have considerable success at detection, but most dowsers are inconsistent
Also, most dowsing occurs where we expect water to be everywhere. So studies showing some success for dowsers don't reveal as much as you'd think.
P3
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Proponents' perspective ·
Criticism of dowsing goes too far
(1) There's different dowsing techniques. Evaluate them separately. (2) Dowsing studies might not be including the best dowsers in their studies.
Proponents' claims about good dowsers ·
They might be more sensitive to changes in electromagnetic fields, and they're more successful than scientists at detecting water
P4
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Support for proponents' claims / Author's perspective ·
Recent study corroborates claims about best dowsers
Study put best dowsers against scientists in locations without much water, and without surface conditions that reveal presence of water. Best dowsers located water much more accurately than the scientists.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
20.
The passage provides the most ███████ ███ █████████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ███████████
a
Narrow, tilted fracture █████ ██ ██████████ ███████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ██ █████ ██ ████ ███████ ████ ██ █████ ████████
We have no reason to think narrow fracture zones are more likely to be found in arid regions. The passage never presents information that allows us to compare arid regions to other regions regarding the likelihood of finding fracture zones.
b
There are no ████████ ███████ ██████████ ████ ███████ ███ ████████████ ████ ██ ██████ ██████████ █████████ █████ ████ ████████████
Not supported. The author never tells us about the existence of absence of studies indicating dowsers can find things besides groundwater.
c
A dowser attempting ██ ██████ █ ███ ████████ ████ █████ ███ ███ ███ ████ █████ ██ █ ██████ ██████████ ██ ██████ ████████████
Not supported. We don’t know whether dowsers would use different items when trying to locate different things.
d
Geologists and hydrologists █████████████ ██ ███ ████████████████████ █████ █████████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ █████ ███ ██████ █ ███ ████████ ████ ████ ████████
Not supported. The passage tells us that dowsers were successful at locating dry fracture zones, but this doesn’t imply that the scientists weren’t able to do this.
e
The groundwater-locating study █████████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ███ ███ █ ███████ ███████ ██████
Supported, because in typical studies,