Self-study
Support An analysis of the language in social media messages posted via the Internet determined that, on average, the use of words associated with positive moods is common in the morning, decreases gradually to a low point midafternoon, and then increases sharply throughout the evening. ████ █████ ████ █ ████████ ████ █████████ ██████ ███ █████ ██ ███ ████████ ████████ ██████ ███ ████ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ████████
Summarize Argument: Phenomenon-Hypothesis
The author hypothesizes that a person’s mood usually starts out happy in the morning, drops during the day, and improves in the evening. He supports this by citing a study of the language used on social media, which found that words linked to positive moods are common in the morning, decrease in the afternoon, and rise again in the evening.
Identify and Describe Flaw
The author makes two main assumptions. First, he assumes that social media language accurately reflects a person's mood. But someone could be unhappy in the morning and still post a happy message, or vice versa.
Second, he assumes that the analysis followed the same individuals throughout the day. If people who post in the morning are different from those who post in the afternoon or evening, he can't conclude that a person's mood follows the same pattern as the language used on social media.
18.
The reasoning in the argument ██ ████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ███ ████████ █████████ ███ ███████████ ████
a
people’s overall moods ███ ██████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ███ ████ ██████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████
The author’s argument and the analysis that he cites are both only about a person’s mood throughout a single day. The pattern of people’s moods throughout the whole week is irrelevant.
b
many people who ████ ██████ █████ ████████ ███ ███████ █████ ██████████ ████ ████████ █████ ███ █████ ██████████ ████ ████████ █████
The author’s evidence only looks at those people who do use words associated with positive or negative moods on social media. The fact that many people don’t use these words is irrelevant.
c
the frequency in ███ ███ ██ █████ ██ ██████ █████ ██ ███ ███████████ ██████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ███ ██ █████ █████ ██ █████ █████ ██ █████████████
The use of mood words in other forms of communication is irrelevant; the author only addresses language on social media. He does overlook the possibility that social media language isn’t necessarily indicative of people’s actual moods, but this is not what (C) points out.
d
the number of ██████ █████ ████████ ██████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ███ █████████████ █████████ ████ ███ ██████ ██████ ██ ███ ███████
The author doesn’t overlook this possibility. He’s focused on the frequency of positive mood words used in social media messages, not the number of messages posted at different times of the day.
e
most of the ██████ █████ ████████ ██████ ██ ███ ███████ ███ ██████ ██ ██████ ███ ██████ ████ ████ ████████ ██ ███ ███████
If most evening messages are posted by different people than the morning messages, the author can't conclude that a person's mood follows the same pattern as the messages. The messages came from different people— this tells us nothing about one person’s mood throughout the day.