PT151.S4.Q25

PrepTest 151 - Section 4 - Question 25

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Support If ecology and the physical sciences were evaluated by the same criteria, ecology would fail to be a successful science because it cannot be captured by a set of simple laws. ███ ███████ ██ █ ██████████ ████████ ████████ ██ █ █████████ ████ ████ ███ ████████ █████████ ██████████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ██ █████ ██ ███ ████████ ████ ██ ████████ ███ ████████ █████████

Method of Reasoning

The argument sets a conditional rule (if same criteria, then ecology would not be successful), and then negates the necessary condition (ecology is successful) to conclude that the sufficient is also untrue (not the same criteria).

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25.

Which one of the following █████████ ██ ████ ███████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████

a

If sales taxes ███ ██████████ ████ ██████ ███ █████ ██ █████████ ████ ██ ██ ███ ███ ████████ ████ ████ ██ ███ ████ ███ █████ ██ ███ ████████ ████████ ████ ██████████ ███ ███ ██████ ██████ ████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ █████ ██ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████ ████████ ████ ██████████

Mismatched premises and conclusion. (A) sets a conditional rule that leads to an “or” in the necessary position (price of woodchips increase or industry disappears), but the stimulus only has one necessary (not successful). Also, (A) uses negation of one necessary option (price increase) to confirm that the other will occur (industry disappears), but the stimulus is using negation of a necessary to conclude that the sufficient (not same criteria) is not occurring.

4%
b

If this gallery █████ ██████ ████ ██ █████████ █████ ██████ █████ ████████ ████ ███ ███ █████████ ██████████ ██ ████████ ███ ███████ █████ ████ ███ ███████ ██████████ ██ ███████ █████ ███ █████ ██ ██ ██████ ███ ██████ ███████████ ██ █████████ █████ ██████████ ██ ███████ ████ ██ ████████ ██ ████ █████ █████ ████████ ██ ████ ████████

Mismatched premises. (B) sets a conditional rule (If this gallery...) and then uses causal reasoning (no demand) to conclude that the sufficient will not occur, whereas the stimulus negates the necessary to conclude that the sufficient is also untrue.

10%
c

If cars of ███ ██████ ███ ████ ██ ███████ ███ ████████ ██████████ ████ ███ ██████ ██ ██████████ ███ ██ ███████ █████████ ████ ██ ███████████ ████████ ██ ██ ███████ ████ ████ ████ ██ ████ ██ ███████ ███ ████████ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████████ ███ ██████ ██ ██████████ ███ ██ ███████ █████████ ████ ██ ███████████ ████████

Mismatched premises and conclusion. This sets a conditional rule (if cars of the future...), and then confirms the sufficient (will be made of lighter and stronger materials) to conclude that the necessary will also occur (fatalities reduced). The stimulus negates the necessary to conclude that the sufficient is also untrue.

9%
d

If physicists attempted ████████ ██ ███ ██████ █████████ ████ █████ ████████ ██ ██ ██████████ ██ █████ █████ ██ ███████████ ███ ████████ █████ █████████████ ██ ███ ██████ █████████ ████████ ██████████ ██████ ███████ ██████ ███████ █████████ ██████████ ██████████ ███ ███ █████ ███ ████ ██████████ ███████████ ██ ███ ██████ █████████

Mismatched premises and conclusion. (D) sets a conditional rule and then tries to negate the sufficient (doesn’t attempt) to conclude that the necessary is also untrue (not most successful), whereas the stimulus negates the necessary to conclude that the sufficient is also untrue.

Also, (D) doesn’t actually negate the sufficient (and if it did, it would be invalid logic); rarely attempting something is not the same as not attempting something. And the conclusion is about being “among the most successful,” but the necessary is talking about matching a certain unknown level of success.

19%
e

If any economic ██████ ████ ██ ████████ ███████████ ██ ███ ██████████ █████████ ██ █████ █████████ ████████ ████ ██ █████ ██ ████████ ██ ████ ████████ ████████ ██████████ ███ ████████ ████████ █████████ ██████ ██ █████ ██████████ ██ ████████ ██████ ██ ██ ████████ ███████████ ██ ███ ██████████ █████████ ██ █████ █████████ ████████

The argument sets a conditional rule (if there’s any adequate description, then accurate forecasts are possible), and then negates the necessary condition (accurate forecasts are not possible) to conclude that the sufficient is also untrue (no adequate description).

58%

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