Self-study
P1
A recent worldwide decline of ocean fishery stocks has stimulated rapid growth in cultivated production of fish and shellfish, usually known as fish farming. ███████ ████ ███ █████ ███ ████████ ██████ ████ ██████████ ████ ███████ ████████ ████ ███████ ████████ █ ███████ ██ ███ ████ ███ █████████ █████ ██ ███████ ████ ██ ██████ ██████████ ██████████ ████ ███████ ████ ████████ ██████ ████ ████ █████████ ██ █████████ █████ ███████ ██████ ███
Intro topic ·
Fish farming (FF)
Decline in wild fish (ocean fishery stocks) led to more fish farming. Fish farming produces a large portion of the fish we eat.
Some experts' perspective ·
FF will restore wild fish populations
Critique ·
FF potentially both alleviates and causes decline in wild fish
P2
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Support for Critique (causes decline) ·
FF can damage wild fish habitats
Intensive fish farming (designed to produce lots of fish) leads to a lot of waste and higher potential for diseases among fish. Wild fish habitats can be destroyed from that waste, those diseases, or the escape of farmed fish species that aren't native to the region.
P3
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Support for Critique (causes decline) ·
FF requires using a lot of wild fish for food
The farming process for many species requires using more wild fish (by weight) than we get from harvesting the farmed fish.
P4
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Support for Critique (alleviates decline) ·
Can reduce incentive to capture or eat some wild fish species.
Can reduce prices of some fish, which deters efforts to capture wild versions of those fish. Some farmed fish species can provide alternatives to some other wild fish species.
Doubt ·
Benefits of FF for wild fish might be lost
Markets have developed for some wild-caught fish, despite availability of farmed alternatives.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Problem-analysis
11.
The views put forward in ███ ███████ ███████ ████ ███████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ███████ ██ ████ ███████████
a
They should be ████████ ████ ██ ████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ █████ ███████ ██ ████████ ██████ ███ █████ ████████ █████ ███████████ ████████
According to (A), if fish farming resulted in a major change in consumer demand for a wild caught fish, then it should not be employed. While this principle has the potential to take us to the correct destination (fish farming should not be employed), it starts at the wrong location (major change in consumer demand for wild fish). The author doesn’t argue that it’s because there’s been a major change in consumer demand for wild fish that fish farming should stop.
b
They should be ████████ ██ ████ ███ ████████████ ████ █████████ ████ ████████ ███████ ███ █████ ███ ████ ███ ██████ ██ ████████ ████████ ██ ████ ██ █████
According to (B), if two conditions are met, then fish farming should be employed. But we don’t know whether fish farming is economically more efficient than existing methods of fishing. We also don't know if fish farming will result in business failures or loss of drops. So this cannot be the principle that the argument conforms to.
c
They should not ██ ████████ ██ ████ ████ ██████████ ██████ ██ █ ███ ████████ ██ ████ ██ ███ ████ █████████
The author's views conform to this principle. The main thrust of the argument is that it takes 1.9 to 5 kilograms of wild fish input to produce only 1 kilogram of farmed fish output. That’s a net decrease in fish from fish farming operations. That’s why she critiques fish farming.
d
They should be ████████ ██ ████ ███████ ███████████████ ██ ███ █████ ██ █████ █████████ ███ █████ ███████████ ███ ████ ██ █████ █████ █████████████ ████████████
According to (D), if two conditions are met, then fish farming should be employed. But we don't know if fish farming will promote diversification in the types of foods available for human consumption. We also don't know if fish farming will bring about environmental improvement. In fact, we have
e
They should be ████████ ████ ██ ████ ███████ █████ ███████ ████ ████ ███████████ ██████████ ████████
We don't know that fish farming is a replacement of other methods that have undesirable ecological effects. The passage was mostly focused on fish farming itself being a method that has