PT153.S2.Q21

PrepTest 153 - Section 2 - Question 21

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City official: Landowners must clear the snow from the sidewalks along the edge of their property by 24 hours after the end of a snowstorm. ███ ████ ███ ███ █████ ██ █████ ███ ████████ ████ ██ █████ ███████ ████ ████ ██ █████ █████ █ ███████████ ████ ███ ████████ ██ ████ ███ ██ ████ ████ ███ █████████ ███ ███ ████████ ███ ██████████ █████ █████████ ████ ███ ████ ███████ ██████ ██ █████ ██ ███ ███ ██ █ █████████ ████ ███████ ██████████ █████ ██████ ██████ ██ █████ ██████ ███ ██████████ ███ ███████████ ███████████ ██████████████

Summary

The stimulus can be diagrammed as follows:

Notable Valid Inferences

If the sidewalk is covered by snow after 24 hours, the city might bill the landowner for the cleaning.

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21.

If all of the official's ██████████ ███ █████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ████ ██ █████

a

If the city ██████ █ ████████ ██ ████ ██ █████ █████ ███ ███ ██ █ ██████████ ███ █████ ████ ██ ██████ ███ ███ ███████ ███ ████ ███████ █ █████████

Must be true. As shown below, if the city clears the sidewalk, the owner will be billed. If the sidewalk hasn’t been cleared within 48 hours, then the owner will receive a citation.

49%
b

All landowners who ████ ██ █████ █████ █████████ ██ ██ █████ █████ ███ ███ ██ █ █████████ ████ ██ ██████ ██ ███ ████ ███ ████ ████████

Could be false. If the sidewalk is covered after 24 hours, the city has the right to clear the sidewalk, but this isn’t a guarantee that the city will actually do it. It could be the case that the city doesn’t clear someone’s sidewalk (and that they wouldn’t be billed).

10%
c

All sidewalks in ███ ████ ████ ██ ███████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ █████ ██ ███ ███ ██ █ ██████████

Could be false. If the sidewalk is covered by snow after 24 hours, the city has the right to clear it, but the city isn’t required to do so. If the sidewalk isn’t cleared after 48 hours, the landowner is cited, but this doesn’t guarantee that the sidewalk will be cleared.

3%
d

Nearly all landowners ███ ██ ███ █████ █████ █████████ ██████ ██ █████ █████ ███ ███ ██ █ █████████ ████ ██ ██████

Could be false, for two reasons. First, this answer is about landowners who don't clear their own sidewalks, but the stimulus triggers citations based on whether the sidewalk has been cleared by anyone. Since the city may clear a sidewalk any time after the 24-hour mark, a landowner who never lifts a shovel can still end up with a cleared sidewalk within 48 hours, and so receive no citation and no fine. (Or, the snow might melt on its own even if the landowner doesn't do any clearing.) Second, even for the landowners who do get cited, citations result in fines only "unless the landowner can demonstrate extenuating circumstances." Nothing rules out the possibility that nearly all of these landowners can demonstrate extenuating circumstances, in which case nearly all of them could avoid fines.
26%
e

Landowners who can ███████████ ███████████ █████████████ ████ ███ ██ ██████ ██ ███ ████ ███ ████ ███████ ████████

Could be false. The bill comes from performing the service of clearing the sidewalk; it is still the case that if these landowners receive the service of the city clearing their sidewalks, then they will be billed.

12%

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